Ap Euro Unit 4

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New Monarachs

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a concept developed by European historians during the first half of the 20th century to characterize 15th-century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments.

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Bureaucracy

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a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

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Spider King

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First of the Valois kings that dealt ruthlessly with nobles, built a large army, increased taxes and heavily controlled the clergy. He did, however, actively promote economic growth by encouraging industries and immigration. Known as the "Spider King."

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Francis I

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Ruled from 1515 to 1547. Under his reign, the French Church's bishops were now appointed by the king. Another change made was a direct tax on all property.

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Concordat of Bologna

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By this decree, the king of France was given the power to appoint bishops to the Gallican Church. This was a major blow to papal influence, but was one reason why France remained Catholic.

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War of the Roses

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A war between the noble families of York and Lancaster for the throne. The House of York was victorious, giving rise to the Tudor dynasty.

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Henry VII

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The first Tudor king, he greatly reduced the influence of the nobility through numerous acts such as the abolition of private armies and the establishment of the Star Chamber.

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Star Chamber

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Secret trials without a jury or witness confrontation, and often involved torture. Created by Henry VII to reduce the influence of nobles.

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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King of Spain from 1478 to 1516. Highly Catholic, and was one of the patrons of Christopher Columbus. He initiated the Reconquista.

Queen of Spain from 1474 to 1504, highly Catholic and one of Christopher Columbus' patrons. Her marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon unified Spain.

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Spanish Inquisition

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Conceived by Isabella of Castile. A mass enforcement of the authority of the Catholic Church in Spain that involved the expulsion of Jews across the country.

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Reconquista

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1492, the massive Christianization of Spain. The goal was to remove the last of the Moors and Jews, but resulted in a significant decline in the middle-class.

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Maximilian I

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Married Mary of Burgundy to gain territory in eastern France for the Holy Roman Empire. This marriage sparked the fierce struggle between the Valois and the Hapsburgs.

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Charles V

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The most powerful ruler in Europe during the 1500s. He ruled Spain at its height. He sacked Rome in 1527, and fought the Hapsburg-Valois wars. He sought to prevent the spread of Protestantism throughout his reign.

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Hapsburg wars

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The Italian War of 1521–26, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, was a part of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States.

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Economic factors of Exploration

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Muslim control to east

Wealthy desire to expand

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Impact of Renaissance

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Humanism

Desire for Knowledge

Advances in Modern technology

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God Gold Glory

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The three primary motives for adventurers of exploration and conquest in the New World.

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Prince Henry

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Financed numerous Portugese expeditions along the West African coastline with the goal of finding gold. He initiated a new era of exploration.

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Bartholomew Dias

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The first explorer to round the Southern tip of Africa in 1488.

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Vasco Da gama

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Building on Dias' route in 1488, he completed an all-water route around Africa to India in 1498, bringing back Indian goods and creating huge demand in Europe.

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pedro Alvaraz Cabral

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Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal.

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Amerigo Vespucci

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Perhaps the first European explorer to realize that he had in fact discovered an entirely new continent when he explored Brazil.

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CC

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Eager to compete with the Portugese, he sought financial support from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain for a voyage to the New World. He reached the Bahamas in 1942.

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Ferdinand Megellan

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His ship was the very first to circumnavigate the globe. He, unfortunately, did not finish the trip. Instead, he was killed in a mutiny mid-voyage.

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Conquistador

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Spanish explorers who created empires by conquering "Indian" civilizations in the New World.

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Hernan Cortes

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The Conquistadore who, in 1521, successfully conquered the Aztec people in Mesoamerica.

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Francisco Pizarro

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The Conquistadore who, in 1532m successfully conquered the Incan Empire along the Andes mountains.

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Treaty Of Tordesila

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This treaty, at the behest of Pope Leo V, settled the struggle between Spain and Portugal for the New World. The New World was divided between Spain and Portugal, and Portugal was granted the slave trade.

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Encomienda System

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A system with the goal of reducing savage exploitation of Amerindians. It involved Amerindians working for an owner for a number of days a week while still owning small parcels of land for themselves.

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Bartolome De Las Casas

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Priest and former conquistador. He wrote "A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies," where he criticized the ruthlessness with which Columbus and other explorers treated the Amerindians.

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African SLave Trade

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The African slave trade during the age of exploration, first introduced into Brazil by Portugal for sugar plantations.

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Potato

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The vast trading exchange established between Europe and the New World, resulting in increased wealth and the rise of global empires in Europe, as well as catastrophe for Amerindians.

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Commerical Revolution

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An economic revolution from 1500 to 1700 with its roots in the Middle ages. It involved massive population growth, a "price revolution," increased supplies of goods and the rise of capitalism.

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Price Revolution

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Price revolution is a term used to describe a series of economic events from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 17th century. The price revolution refers most specifically to the high rate of inflation that occurred during this period across Western Europe.

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Chartered Company

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A chartered company is an association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration, and colonization.

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Joint Stock Company

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The forerunner of the modern corporation and one of the earliest examples of capitalism. Investors pooled resources to achieve a common purpose.

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Mercantilism

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A type of economy developed in the 17th century. Involved a balance of trade where exports were far greater than imports. The goal was a self-sufficient economy.

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Favorable balance of trade

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A system with the goal of reducing savage exploitation of Amerindians. It involved Amerindians working for an owner for a number of days a week while still owning small parcels of land for themselves.