Ap Euro Section 7

Front 1

Atlantic Charter

Back 1

Put forward by President Roosevelt in 1941 advocating the establishment of an international oragnization to replace the ineffective League of Nations

Front 2

United Nations

Back 2

In 1945 delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco to created the United Nations which would be based in New York to ensure U.S. participation.

Front 3

Cold War

Back 3

The Cold War was the extended geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between capitalism and communism, centering around the global superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, and their military alliance partners. It lasted from about 1947 to the period leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991.

Front 4

Yalta Conference

Back 4

After WWII the Big Three agreed to temporarily divide Germany in to four zones (Great Britain insisted that France recieved a zone)

Front 5

George Kennan, "Long Telegem", and Containment

Back 5

Kennan was an officail in the U.s. State Department and in 1947 he wrote the "Long Telegem" which indicated that the Soviets viewed us as an ideological enemy and would never seek coexistence. Kennan became the architect of the Containment policy which was that the US need to be vigilent and patient in containing Russia's expanding tendancies.

Front 6

Truman Doctrine

Back 6

to answer to the threat imposed by the Communist insurgents in Greece attacking the new Greek government, President Truman went before congress on March 12, 1947 and stated that "it must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attemped subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures"

Front 7

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Back 7

The US established NATO in 1949 to counter the threat posed by millions of Soviet solders in Eastern Europe. NATO involved the U.S, G.B, France, Canada, Denmark, Belgium, Iceland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Norway. Greece and Turkey joined in 1952

Front 8

iron curtain

Back 8

A metaphor used by Winston Churchill used to describe Soviet Influence over Eastern Europe.

Front 9

Poland, Soviet Communism, and Katyn

Back 9

The Soviet Union saw to it that Poland had a Cummunist government and once that was achieved they had to use force to maintain Communist Control over Poland. This was because the Polish people hated Communism, especially after it was revealed that the Soviets played a part in the Murder of 15,000 Polish officers in the forests of Katyn.

Front 10

Marshall Plan

Back 10

The Marshall Plan was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding the allied countries of Europe and repelling communism after World War II. The initiative was named for United States Secretary of State George Marshall and was largely the creation of State Department officials

Front 11

Yugoslavia and Marshal (Josip) Tito

Back 11

Tito Led a cival war of the partisan groups (such as the Communists) and the royalist Chetniks. Tito's Comunists emerged victorious but his Communist government was not aided by the Soviets like the other Communist nations due to the fact that Stalin didn't trust him.

Front 12

Aspects of Decolonization

Back 12

Began on August 15, 1947 when India declared independance from Great Britain initating a domino effect throughout the colonies; as well as Indonesia breaking away from the Netherlands. And France lost Vietnam and Algeria

Front 13

Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

Back 13

was established to handle the money given to Europe by the United States through the Marshall Plan

Front 14

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

Back 14

Created in 1951 to administer the steel and coal resources of its member states:France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemburg.

Front 15

European Economic Community (EEC)- ie Common Market

Back 15

Established in 1957 when the founders of the ECSC signed the Treaty of Rome. They were joined by Britain, Ireland, and Denmark in 1973

Front 16

Maastricht Treaty/ European Union

Back 16

The treaty introduced new areas in the EEC such as defense, justice and environmental affairs, creating the European Union. It also established a common currency:the Euro, which was adopted by all counrties except Denmark, Sweden, and the UK

Front 17

Clement Attlee & Labour Party

Back 17

In Great Britan after the war, Clement Attlee of the Labour Party was elected Prime Minister

Front 18

England's National Health Service

Back 18

part of Englands new welfare program- it provided for a comprehensive system of free health care

Front 19

Bloody Sunday & Irish Republican Army

Back 19

On January 30,1972, 13 Irish Catholic were killed by British soldiers during a civil rights march. This led to an increase in violence from groups such as the Irish Republican Army.

Front 20

Margaret Thatcher

Back 20

Britain's first female Prime Minister

Front 21

Fourth Republic of France

Back 21

replaced the Vichy government after WWII was over

Front 22

Fifth Republic of France

Back 22

establishe by de Gaulle who served as a powerful president

Front 23

France's independent foreign policy in 1960s

Back 23

France withdrawed from NATO in 1966 and recognized the Communist Government of China

Front 24

France's 1968 Student Revolts

Back 24

Young people though that French life had become lacking in emotional or intellectual quality. They also were angry about the crowded classrooms, libraries, and labs; which led to many student revolts at every major French university.

Front 25

Francois Mitterrand

Back 25

a moderate Socialist who was elected president of France in 1981 and the again in 1988. He focused on social reform programs and reducing unemployment.

Front 26

Italy's Christian Democrats and Communists

Back 26

In 1946 italy was established as a republic with the Christian Democrats being the party of government. Unlike the rest of Western Europe, Communism remained a significant opposition party.

Front 27

Berlin Blockade and Airlift

Back 27

When the US and UK introduced a new form of currency in their zones in Germany stalin blockaded the cirty of Berlin; cutting it off from the west. The US began dropping supplies for 10.5 months until Stalin lifted the blockade.

Front 28

Federal Republic of Germany & German Democratic Republic

Back 28

In 1949 the US,GB and France combined all their zones to create the Federal Republic of Germany with the city of Bonn as its capital. The Soviet Union responded by turning its zone into the Communist-dominated German Democratic Republic.

Front 29

Berlin Wall

Back 29

A wall of barbed wire and concrete set up by East Germany on August 13, 1961 to prevent people from crossing into West Germany.

Front 30

Konrad Adenauer (Christian Democratic Union)

Back 30

Adenauer was a member of the Christian Democratic Union party who served as chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949-1962.

Front 31

Willy Brandt (Social Democrat)

Back 31

Became chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1969.

Front 32

Ostpolitik

Back 32

Brandts policy of reaching out to the Soviets and their satellite states; led to treaties between West Germany and Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union

Front 33

Helmut Schmidt (Social Democrat)

Back 33

Brandt's successor as chancellor

Front 34

Helmut Kohl (Christian Democratic Union)

Back 34

Chancellor who's speed and determination brought about German reunification in 1990.

Front 35

Warsaw Pact & COMENCON

Back 35

Part of the Soviet Union's plan to set up a system of satellite states; the Warsaw Pact established military ties and COMENCON linked their economies.

Front 36

Nikita & de-Stalinization

Back 36

Khrushchev was Stalin's successor after he died and attacked Stalin's former government. He said the Stalin strayed too far for Marxist-Leninism and Khrushchev sought to fall back into the guidelines of Marxist-Leninism.

Front 37

Prague Spring

Back 37

A reform movement in Czechoslovakia in 1968 to bring about a more humanistic socialism.

Front 38

Brezhnev Doctrine

Back 38

Declared the the Soviet Union would support with all the means at its diposal any established communist state in Eastern Europe that was threatened by internal strife.

Front 39

Solidarity & Lech Walesa

Back 39

In Poland, Lech Walesa led a massives strike at the Lenin shipyard in Gdansk. The strikers demanded to form an independant trade union which later came to be known as Solidarity.

Front 40

Mikhail Gorbachev

Back 40

When the reform-minded Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, he opposed the Brezhnev Doctrine. And in 1989 Communist regimes peacfully fell in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Albania.

Front 41

Chernobyl

Back 41

A city in the Ukrain territory of the Soviet Union where a major nuclear accident occured.

Front 42

glasnost

Back 42

openness in debate

Front 43

perestroika

Back 43

an economic restructuring of the Soviet Union

Front 44

Boris Yeltsin

Back 44

Served as chairman of the Russian Parliament, and led the resistance that led to the fall of the Soviet Union

Front 45

Slobodan Milosevic & Ethnic Cleansing

Back 45

Milosevic helped Bosnia's Serbs in forcing the removal and sometimes execution of Muslims in the Bosnia-known as "ethinic cleansing"

Front 46

Dayton Accords of 1995

Back 46

General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina