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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Events leading to the Scientific Revolution
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Discovery of the New World, Invention of the Printing Press, Rivalry among Nation-States, Reformation,and Renaissance Humanism
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Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
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Took the works of Aristotle and harmonized them with the teachings of the church
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Aristotle
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ancient Greek philosopher
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Ptolemy (c.85-165 A.D) and the Medieval view of the universe
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Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer, whos system of the Universe was followed by the medieval peoples; The Ptolemaic system had Earth as a stationary object which heavenly bodies moved around
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Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
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a Polish mathematician and astronomer who wrote "Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" which countered the Ptolemaic system
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Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
& Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) |
Tycho Brahe developed a system where the moon and sun revolved around the earth and the other planets revolved around the sun;
Johannes Kepler developed system off of Copernicus' where the planets orbited the sun in eliptical motion |
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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Made many advanced discoveries about the moon, the planets and their moons, with his invention of the telescope; Wrote "Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World"; condemmed by the Church
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Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
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Wanted to solve the problem of how to explain the orderly manner in which the planets revolve around the sun. worked for 2 decades until he published "Principia"; also father calculus and the idea that light is made up of different rays
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
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One of the philosophers affercted by the new science of the Scientific Revolution wrote 3 major works:The Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum, and New Atlantis; which all attacked medieval scholasticism
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Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
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French philosopher who was seen as the anti-Bacon; Famous Quote: "I think, therefore I am"
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Blaise Pascal (1623-16662)
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A Jansenist Catholic, who wrote "Pensees"
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and absolutism
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Hobbes personally knew Galileo, Bacon and Descartes, and applied their experimental methods toward the natural world to politics. Wrote "Leviathan" and proposed the necessity for absolutism.
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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Wrote "Two Treaties on Government" which served to be critical for the intellectual development of the founders of the U.S.A.
the basic ideas: that man has certain liberties that cannot be taken away by a government |
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philosophes
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the thinkers of the Enlightenment age
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Voltaire (1694-1778)
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French philosophes who moved to England, wrote "Candide", and became a Erupe-wide celebrity with his involvement in the case of Jean Calas
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Montesquieu (1689-1755)
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Fully known as Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, wrote to what is said to be the most influential work of the Enlightenment:"Spirit of the Laws".
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Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
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was the father of the Encyclopedia; example of the 18th century belief that all knowledge could be organized and presented in a scientific manner
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Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
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Most radical of the philosophes; wrote "The Social Contract"; his ideals helped set the stage for the Romantic Movement
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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
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Greatest figure in the German
Enlightenment; wrote "Critique of Pure Reason" |
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Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
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Italian philosophes who wrote "Crime and Punishment" which called for a complete overhaul in the area of jurisprudence.
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David Hume (1711-1776)
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Scottish philosopher, who pushed his thinking father than that of the French philosophes and into atheism; wrote "Inquiry into Human Nature"
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Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)
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Scottish author who reflected the growing interest in history during the Enlightenment. With
"Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" he criticized the rise of Christianity in the Empire |
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Adam Smith (1723-1790)
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A professor at the University of Glasgow; published "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" in which he argues agains mercantilism
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Marquise de Pompadour
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Louis XV's mistress who helped Diderot publish the Encyclopedia and avoid censorship
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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first woman to openly publish the ideas of women voting and holding office in "Vindication of the Rights of Women"
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enlightened absolutists
a.k.a. despots |
Rluers such as Catherine the Great, Joseph II, and Frederick II who could safely toy with the ideas of the philosophes without threatening their own power
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Frederick William "the Great Elector" (r. 1640-1688)
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ruler of Brandenburg, and served as one of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor. Made an agreement with the Prussian nobles (Junkers)inorder to create an army: Junkers got control over the serfs
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Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)
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Prussian King freed the serfs on royal estates, but to keep the Junkers happy, did not free serfs on private estates. Brought an end to capital punishment.
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Maria Theresa
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Empress of Austria who pushed a series of reforms that removed some hardships off the serf population.
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Pragmatic Sanction
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allowed the assorted Habsburg lands to remain intact under one ruler, and granted the right for a female to succeed the throne of Austria because there was no direct male heir
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Diplomatic Revolution
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Maria Theresa worked out an alliance with France and eventually Sweden and Russia; led to the Seven Years War
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Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
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Russian tsar who did the most to westernize Russia and turn it into a major european power.
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Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)
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Toyed with ways to apply the ideas of Montequieu and Voltaire to her still smei-barbaric state. Began the process of revising and codifying Russian law
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Robert Walpole
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Was Chancellor of the Exchequerfrom 1721 to 1741 and became known as Great Britain's first "Prime Minister"
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Jansenists
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a Catholic sect that held beliefs on predestination that were similar to Calvinist views
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