Chapter 3 Ap Psychology

Front 1

Genetic Mapping

Back 1

The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes.

Front 2

Adoption Studies

Back 2

Assessing hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and their biological and adoptive patents.

Front 3

Faternal (dizygotic) Twins

Back 3

When two eggs are fertilized simultaneously by different sperm cells forming two different zygotes.

Front 4

Identical (monozygotic) Twins

Back 4

Emerge from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons.

Front 5

Twin Studies

Back 5

Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins to Faternal twins.

Front 6

Family Studies

Back 6

Researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another.

Front 7

Polygenic Traits

Back 7

The characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes.

Front 8

Phenotype

Back 8

Refers to the ways a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics.

Front 9

Genotype

Back 9

Refers to a person's genetic make up.

Front 10

Recessive Gene

Back 10

One that is masked when paired genes are different.

Front 11

Dominant Gene

Back 11

One that is expressed when pair genes are different.

Front 12

Heterozygous Condition

Back 12

The two genes in a specific pair are different.

Front 13

Homozygous Condition

Back 13

The two genes in a specific pair are the same.

Front 14

Genes

Back 14

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

Front 15

Zygote

Back 15

A single cell developed by the union of sperm and egg.

Front 16

Chromosomes

Back 16

Strands of DNA molecules that carry information.

Front 17

Behavioral Genetics

Back 17

An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits.

Front 18

Pituitary Gland

Back 18

Releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, simulating action in the other glands.

"Master gland"

Front 19

Hormones

Back 19

The chemical substances released by the endocrine glands.

Front 20

Endocrine System

Back 20

Consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.

Front 21

Perceptual Asymmatries

Back 21

Right/left imbalances between the hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing.

Front 22

Split-Brain Surgery

Back 22

The bundle of fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres are cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures and to further analyze the brain.

Front 23

Broca's Area

Back 23

Part of the brain dedicated to the production of speech.

Front 24

Wernicke's Area

Back 24

Part of the brain dedicated to the comprehension of language.

Front 25

Occipital Lobe

Back 25

Primary visual cortex.

Front 26

Parietal Lobe

Back 26

Primary Somatosensory cortex.

(touch)

Front 27

Parietal Lobe

Back 27

Primary somatosensory Cortex

(touch)

Front 28

Temporal Lobe

Back 28

Primary Auditory Cortex

Front 29

Frontal Lobe

Back 29

Primary Motor Cortex

(movement of muscles)

Front 30

Corpus callosum

Back 30

Structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

Front 31

Cerebral hemispheres

Back 31

Right and left halves.

Front 32

Cerebrum

Back 32

Responsible for learning, thinking, remembering, and consciousnes itself.

Front 33

Cerebral cortex

Back 33

Convoluted outer area of the Cerebrum.

Front 34

Limbic system

Back 34

Loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subtotal areas.

(involves the regulation of emotion, memory, and motivation)

Front 35

Hypothalamus

Back 35

Involved in the regulation of basic biological needs.

"fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating"

Front 36

Thalamus

Back 36

All sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.

Front 37

The Forebrain

Back 37

Largest, most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures including the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, and the Cerebrum.

Front 38

Reticular Formation

Back 38

Contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception.

(best known for sleep and arousal)

Front 39

The Midbrain

Back 39

Segment of the brainstem that lies between the Hindbrain and the Forebrain.

(concerned with integrating sensory processes such as visions and hearing)

Front 40

Cerebellum

Back 40

Structure that coordinates fine muscle balance and equilibrium.

Front 41

Pons

Back 41

Includes a bridge of fibers that connect the brainstem with the Cerebellum.

Front 42

Medulla

Back 42

Controls largely unconscious actions such as circulating blood, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, sneezing and coughing.

Front 43

Hindbrain

Back 43

Includes the Cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem; the Medulla and the Pons.

Front 44

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Back 44

Uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement to map out brain structure.

*3-Dimensional images.
*Both structural and functional information is given.

Front 45

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

Back 45

Can examine brain function, mapping brain activity over time.

*Color-coded map of activity.

Front 46

Computerized Tomography (CT)

Back 46

A computer enhanced X-Ray of brain structure.

*widely used.
*Less expensive.

Front 47

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Back 47

A new technique that allows scientists to temporarily enhance it depress activity in a specific part of the brain.

Front 48

Electrical Situation of the Brain (ESB)

Back 48

Involves sending a real signal (electric current) into a brain structure to stimulate it.

*Doesn't exactly duplicate oral brain signals.

Front 49

Lesioning

Back 49

Involves destroying a piece of the brain.

Front 50

Electro Encephalograph (EEG)

Back 50

A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes to the surface of the scalp.

*Developed by German Psychiatrist Hans Berger in 1929.
*Used to analyze brain damage, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders.

Front 51

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Back 51

Nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion.

Front 52

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 52

Consists of the brain and the spinal.cord.

Front 53

Parasympathetic Decision

Back 53

Branch of the Autonomic nervous system that conserve bodily resources.

Front 54

Sympathetic Division

Back 54

Branch of the Autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.

Front 55

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 55

Made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.

*Responsible for heart rate, digestion, and persperation.
*Walter Cannon developed "Fight-or-Flight" concept.

Front 56

Efferent Nerve Fibers

Back 56

Axons that carry information outwards from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.

Front 57

Afferent Nerve Fibers

Back 57

Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body.

Front 58

Somatic Nervous System

Back 58

Made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.

Front 59

Nerves

Back 59

Bundles of neuron fibers (Axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system.

Front 60

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 60

Made up of of all those nerves that kit outside the brain and spinal cord.

Front 61

Antagonist

Back 61

Opposes the action of the neurotransmitters.

Front 62

Endorphins

Back 62

Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects. Contribute to pain relief and to some pleasurable emotions.

Front 63

GABA

Back 63

Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter.

Front 64

Serotonin

Back 64

Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggression.

Front 65

Norepineeohrine (NE)

Back 65

Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal.

Front 66

Dopamine (DA)

Back 66

Contributes to control of voluntary movement and pleasurable emotions.

Front 67

Acetychloline (ACHh)

Back 67

Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles. Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory.

*Some receptors are stimulated by Nicotine.

Front 68

Reuptake

Back 68

A process in which.neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synoptic cleft by presynaptic membrane.

Front 69

Inhibitory PSP

Back 69

A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials.

Front 70

Excilatory PSP

Back 70

A positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that postsynaptic neurons will fire action potentials.

Front 71

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

Back 71

A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane.

*they vary in size, increase or decrease the probability if a neural impulse in the receiving cell.

Front 72

Neurotransmitters

Back 72

Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.

Front 73

Synoptic Cleft

Back 73

A microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron.

*sends=presynaptic neuron
*receives=postsynaptic neuron.

Front 74

All-or-Nothing Law

Back 74

Either a neuron fires or it doesn't. And it's action potentials are all the same size.

Front 75

Absolute Refractory Period

Back 75

The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.

Front 76

Action Potential

Back 76

Very brief shift in a neuron's electoral charge that travels along an axon.

Front 77

Resting Potential

Back 77

Stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.

Front 78

Glia

Back 78

Cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons.

Front 79

Synapse

Back 79

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.

Front 80

Terminal Buttons

Back 80

Small knobs that secrete neurotransmitters.

Front 81

Myelin Sheath

Back 81

Insulating material that encases some Axons.

Front 82

Axon

Back 82

Long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Front 83

Dendrite

Back 83

Part of a neuron that receives information.

Front 84

Soma (cell body)

Back 84

Contains the nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells.

Front 85

Neurons

Back 85

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.