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239 Cards in this Set
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Benvenuto Cellini
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A goldsmith and sulptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise.
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Renaissance
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Condottiere
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A mercenary soldier of a political ruler
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Renaissance
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Humanism
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The recovery and study of classical authors and writings
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Renaissance
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Individualism
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The emphasis on the unique and creative personally
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Renaissance
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New Monarchs
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The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strenghthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.
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Renaissance
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Rationalsim
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The application and use of reason in understanding and explaining events
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Renaissance
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Renaissance
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The period from 1400 to 1600 that witnessed a transformation of cultural and intellectual values from primarily Christain to classical or secular ones.
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Renaissance
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Secularism
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The emphasis on the here and now rather than on the spiritual and otherworldly
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Renaissance
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Lorenzo Valla
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Hummanist who used historical criticism to discredit 8th-cent. document giving papacy jurisdiction over Western lands.
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Renaissance
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Virtu
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the striving for personal excellence
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Renaissance
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Baroque
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The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter Reformation
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Reformation
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Brethren of the Common Life
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Pious laypeople, 16th-cent. Holland who initiated religious revival in their model of Christian living
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Reformation
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John Calvin
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French thelogian, established theocracy in Geneva and best known for his theory of predestination
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Reformation
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Charles V
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Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensice territories in Spain and the Netherlands.
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Reformation
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Council of Trent
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The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittnetly from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and recouncil with the Protestants
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Reformation.
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Index
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A list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read
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reformation
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indulgence
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Papal pardon for remission of sins
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Reformation
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Inquisition
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A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and excecution
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Reformation
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Jesuits
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known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola(1491-1556) as teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
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reformation
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John Knox
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Calvinist leader in 16th-cent. Scotland
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reformation
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Martin Luther
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German theologian who challenged the church's practice of selling indulgences, a challenge that ultimately led to the destruction of the unity of the Roman Catholic world
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reformation
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Sir Thomas More
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Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VII for his unwillingness to recognize publicy his king as Supreme Head of the church and clergy of England
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reformation
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Depotism
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The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions
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reformation
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Peace of Augsburg
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Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.
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reformation
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Pluralism
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the holding of several benifices, or church offices
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reformation
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Simony
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the selling of church offices
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reformation
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theocracy
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a communitty, such as Calvin's Geneva, in which the state is subordinate to the church
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reformation
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Usury
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the practice of lending money for interest
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reformation
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Gustvus Adolphus
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Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Prostestants in Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles
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religious war and age of expansion
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Duke of Alva
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Military leader sent by Philip to pacify the Low Countries
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religious war and age of expansion
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Armada
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Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England
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religious war and age of expansion
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Vasco de Balboa
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First European to reach the Pacific Ocean, 1513
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religious war and age of expansion
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Catherin de Medici
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the wife of Henry II of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons
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religious war and age of expansion
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Christopher Columbus
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First European to sail to the West Indies, 1492
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religious war and age of expansion
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Concardat of Bologna
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Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots
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religious war and age of expansion
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Fernando Cortez
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Conqueror of the Aztects, 1519-1521
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religious war and age of expansion
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Defenestration of Prague
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The hurling, by Protesants, of Catholic officails from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War
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religious war and age of expansion
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Bartholomew Diaz
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First European to reach the southern tip of Africa, 1487-1488.
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religious war and age of expansion
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Dutch East India Company
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Government-chartered joint- stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies
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religious war and age of expansion
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Edict of Nates
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The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France
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religious war and age of expansion
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Elizabeth I
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Protestant ruler-England- helped stablize religious tensions by subordinating theological issues to political considerations.
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religious war and age of expansion
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Henry IV
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Formerly Henry of Navarre, ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholiscism
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religious war and age of expansion
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Huguenots
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French Calvinists
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religious war and age of expansion
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Circumnavigator of the globe, 1519-1522.
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religious war and age of expansion
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Peace of Westphalia
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The treaty ending the Thirty Years' WEar in Germany, it allowed each prince- whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist- to choose the established creed of his terriotry
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religious war and age of expansion
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Philip II
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Son and sucessor of Charles V, ruling Spain and the Low Countries
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religious war and age of expansion
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Francisco Pizarro
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Conqueror of Peru, 1532-1533
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religious war and age of expansion
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St. Bartholemew's Day
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August 24, 1572- Catholic attack on Clavinists on marriage day of Margarer of Valois to Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV)
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religious war and age of expansion
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Prince William of Orange
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leader of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands
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religious war and age of expansion
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absolutism
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the theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaternally
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constitutionalism
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Bill of Rights - 1689
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English document declaring that sovereignty resided with Parliment
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constitutionalism
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Charles I (1625-1649)
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Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliment to a head and was subsequently executed
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constitutionalism
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The Italian Renaissance had as one of its central components
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glorification of individual genius
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Among the hypotheses offered by scholars to explain the great witch hunts of the 16th and 17th centuries are all the following except…
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a deliberate papal conspiracy to smear protestants with charges of witchcraft
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At the end of the century, the commercial capital of the world was?
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Amsterdam
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All of the following were factors in Elizabeth’s I’s decision to intervene in the Dutch Revolt except:
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the impact of inflation on the Spanish economy
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Consequences of the 100 Years’ war except: the
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Development of French National Assembly
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16 cent. Critics of church attacked all of the following except
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academic pursuits of the clergy
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A3T many European intellectuals see Europe’s mission in 21st cent.:
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promoting human rights, democracy, and prosperity outside Europe
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Subjugation of the Italian peninsula by outside invaders was
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result of the Italians failure to coordinate a common defense
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The Star Chamber
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dealt w/ noble threats to royal power in England
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Regard to divorce in 16th and 17th cent.:
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Catholic didn’t accept, Prostestant did, however adultery and irreconcilable differences
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Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled “95 theses” to ArchBishop Albert in response too:
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a new campaign to sell indulgences
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New Religious order for women that emerged in the 16th century
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Ursuline Order
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According to Laura Cereta, inferiority of woman was a consequence of their
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own failure to live up to their potential
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In the absense of the papacy during the Babylonian Captivity, rome
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was left poverty stricken
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France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order too:
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keep Germany politically fragmented
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Luther & Zwingli disagreed on what?
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the Eucharist
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The Leaders of the Catholic Church?
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readily adopted the Renaissance spirit, esp., when it came to art
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A3T the Calvinists doctrine of predestination led too.
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confidence among Calvinist in their own salvation
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Mechanical clock became a common place:
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14th century
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The Inquisition was an attempt to
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root out and destroy heresy
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The population losses caused by the B.D. & 100 Years’ War:
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resulted in the virtual disappearance of serfdom in France
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Defeat in the Spanish Aramda:
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prevented Philip II from reuniting western Europe under Catholic rule
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During the 100 Year War, English kings were supported by some French barons because
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Wanted to stop the French Monarchy’s centralizing efforts
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European kingdon that took the lead in overseas exploration was:
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Portugal
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Charles II (1660-1685)
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Stuart kind during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum
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constitutionalism
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Colbert(1619-1683)
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The financial ministerunder the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies
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constitutionalism
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Constitutionalism
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the theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects and the state governed according to laws
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constitutionalism
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Oliver Cromwell (1559-1658)
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The principal leader and a gentry member of the Puritans in Parliament
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constitutionalism
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Diggers and Levellers
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Radical groups in England in the 1650's who called for the abolition of private ownership and extension of the franchise
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constitutionalism
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Divine Right monarchy
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the belief that a monarch's power derives from God and represents Him on earth
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constitutionalism
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Frederick the Great (1740-1786)
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Prussian ruler who expanded territory by invading the duchy of Silesia and defeatingMaeia Theresa of Austria.
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constitutionalism
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Frederick William(1640-1688)
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The "Great Elector", who built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society.
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constitutionalism
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French Classicism
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the style in 17th-cent. art and literature resembling the arts in the ancient world and in the Renaissance-e.g., the works of Poussin, Moliere, and Racine
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constitutionalism
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Fronde
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the last aristoctic revolt against a French monarch
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constitutionalism
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Glorius Revoulution
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a reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicaed his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mar and her husband, Prince William of Orange
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constitutionalism
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Habeas corpus
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the legal protection that prohibits the imprisonment of a subject without demonstrated cause
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constitutionalism
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
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Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchic state of nature
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constitutionalism
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Interregnum
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the period of Cromwellian rule (1649-1659), between the Stuart dynastic rules of Charles I and Charles II
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constitutionalism
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James I
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Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.
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constitutionalism
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James II (1685-1688)
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Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bil of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy
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constitutionalism
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John Locke (1632-1704)
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Political theorist advocating absolute monarchy based on his concept of an anarchich state of nature.
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constitutionalism
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Louis XIV (1643-1715)
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Also known as the "Sun King"; the ruler of France who established the supremacy of absolutism in the 17th-cent. Europe
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constitutionalism
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Maria Theresa (1740-1780)
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Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary, who lost the Hapsburg possession of Silesia to Frederick the Great but was able to keep her other Austria territories
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constitutionalism
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Mercantillism
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Governmental policies by which the state regulates the economy, through taxes, tariffs, subsidies, and laws
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constitutionalism
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New Model Army
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The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War
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constitutionalism
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Peace of Utrecht(1713)
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The pact concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, forbidding the union of France with Spain, and conferring control of Gibraltar on England
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constitutionalism
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Peter the Great (1682-1725)
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The Romanov czar who initiated the westernization of Russian society by traveling to the West and incorporating techniques of manufacturing as well as manners and dress
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constitutionalism
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Petition of Right (1628)
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Parliamentary document that restricted the king's power. Most notably, it called for recognition of the writ of habeas corpas and held that only Parliament could impose new taxes.
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constitutionalism
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Puritan Revolution
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reference to the English civil war (1642-1646), waged to determine whether sovereignity would reside in monarch or Parliament.
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constitutionalism
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Puritans
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Prostestant section in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.
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constitutionalism
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Restoration
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the return of the Stuart monarchy(1660) after the period of republican government under Cromwell-in fact, a military dictatorship.
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constitutionalism
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Test Act (1673)
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law prohibiting Catholics and dissenters to hold politcal office
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constitutionalism
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Versalles
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Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility
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constitutionalism
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War of the Spanish Sucession (1701-1713)
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The last of Louis XIV's wars involving the issue of succesion to the Spanish throne
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constitutionalism
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William of Orange (1672-1702)
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Dutch prince and foe of Louis XIV who becam king of England n 1689
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constitutionalism
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Aristotelian-Ptolemic cosmology
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the geocentric view of theuniverse that prevailed from the fourth cent. BC, to the 16th &17th cent. and accored with church teachings and Scriptures
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
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inductice thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at truth
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
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Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Deism
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the belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Rene Descarte (1596-1650)
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deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Enlighttenment
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the intellectual revolution of the 18cent in which the philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices.
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Galileo (1564-1642)
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Italian scientist, formulated terrestrial lwas and modern law of Inertia; he also provided edvidence for the Copernican hypothesis.
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Laissez-Faire
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economic concet of Scottish philosophe Adam Smith (1723-1790). In opposition to mercantilism, Smith urged governments to keep hands off the operation of the economy. He believed the role of the government was analogous to the night watchman, guarding and protecting but not intervening in the operation of the economy, which muct be left to run in accord with natural laws of supply and demand
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Issac Newton (1642-1727)
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English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited an universe operating in accord with natural law
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Philosophes
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Social critics of the 18th cent. who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Royal Society of London and French Academy of Sciences
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Organized bodies for scientific study
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Tabula rasa
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John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
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Casare Beccaria
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Crime and Punishment
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Authors and their works
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Condorcet
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Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind
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Authors and their works
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Denis Diderot
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Encyclopedia
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Authors and their works
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David Hume
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An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
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Authors and their works
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John Locke
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Two Treatises of Government; Essay on Human Understanding
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Authors and their works
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Montesquieu
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Spirit of Laws; Persian Letters
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Authors and their works
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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The Social Contract; Emile
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Authors and their works
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Adam Smith
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Wealth of Nations
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Authors and their works
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Voltaire
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Philosophical Letters; Candide
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Authors and their works
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
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Authors and their works
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Ancie regime (Old Regime)
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France prior to the French Revolution
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Banalities
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Fees that peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village mill, bakeshop and winepress
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Bastille
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political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Parisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versaille
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Cahier de dolances
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List of grievaces that each Estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Code Napoleon
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The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Committee of Public Safety
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The leaders under Robespi3443 who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority by the government
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Concordat (1801)
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Napoleon's arrangement with Pope Pius VII to heal religious division in France with a united Catholic church under bishops appointed by the government
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Continental System
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Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with Enfland by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Corvees
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Roadwork; an obligation of peasants to landowners
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Coup d'etat
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overthrow of those in power
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Declaration of Pillnitz(1791)
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Austria and Prussia agreed to intervene in France to end revolution w/ the unanimous agreement of the great powers
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (August 27, 1789)
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Document that embodied the liberal revolutionary ideals and general principles of the philosophes' writings
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Directory (1795-1799)
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The 5-men executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's exceution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Estates General
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The French National Assembly summoned in 1789 to remdy the financial crisis and correct abuses of the ancien regime
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Great Fear
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panic & insecurity that strck French peasants in summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Jacobins
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The dominant group in the National Convention in 1793 who replaced he Girondist. It was headed by Robespierre.
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Law of the Maximum
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the fixing of prices on bread and other essentials under Robespierre's rule
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Levee en masse
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The creation under the Jacobins, of a citizen army with support from young and old, heralding the emergence of modern warfare
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
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Consul and later emperor of France (1799-1815), who established several of the reforms (Code Napoleon) of the French Revolution during his dictorial rule
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Night of August 4, 1789
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date of declaration by liberal noblemen of the National Assembly at a secret meeting to abolish to feudal regime in France
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Parlement
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Law court staffed by nobles that could register of refuse to register a king's edict.
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Peninsular War (1808-1813)
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Napoleon's long drawn-out war with Spain
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Robespierre (1758-1794)
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Jacobin leader during the Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Sans-culottes
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A reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than tight-fitting breeches wornby aristocratic men
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Taille
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A direct tax from which most French Nobles were exempt
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Tennis Court Oath
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Declaration mainly by members of Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789)
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Treaty of Tilsit (1807)
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Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces
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French Revolution and Napoleon
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Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
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British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number
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Revolutions of 1848
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Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
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Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790, which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.
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Revolutions of 1848
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Burschenschaften
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Politcaly active students around 1815, in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles
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Revolutions of 1848
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Carbonari
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Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815
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Revolutions of 1848
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Carlsbad Decrees (1819)
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Repressive laws in the German states limiting freedom of speech and deissemination of liberal ideas in the universities
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Revolutions of 1848
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Decembrist
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Russian revolutionaries calling for constitutional reform in the early 19th cent.
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Revolutions of 1848
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Frederick William IV (1840-1861)
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King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848
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Revolutions of 1848
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Francois Guizot (1787-1874)
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Chief minister under Louis Philippe. Guizot's repesssion led to the revolution of 1848
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Revolutions of 1848
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Holy Alliance
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an alliance envisioned by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian principles
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Revolutions of 1848
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Louie Napoleon Bonaparte (1808-1861)
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Nephew of Napoleon I; he came into power as president of the Second French Republic in 1848
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Revolutions of 1848
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Prince Clemens von Metternich (1773-1859)
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Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna
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Revolutions of 1848
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John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
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British philosopher who published On Liberty(1859), advocating indivdual rights against overnment intrusion, and The Subjection of Women (1869), on the cause of women's rights
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Revolutions of 1848
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Poor Law of 1834
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Legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid
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Revolutions of 1848
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Quadruple Alliance
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Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; Frnace joined in 1818.
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Revolutions of 1848
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Rotten boroughs
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depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament
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Revolutions of 1848
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Zollverein
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Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia & including almost all German speaking states except Austria by 1844
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Revolutions of 1848
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Repeal of Test Act (1828)
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Allowed Prtestants who were not members of the Church of England to hold public office
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Revolutions of 1848
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Catholic Emancipation Bill (1829)
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Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time
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Revolutions of 1848
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Reform Bill of 1832
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Gave vote to all men who paid ten pounds of rent a year; eliminated the rotten boroughs
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Revolutions of 1848
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Slavery
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Abolished in the British Empire, 1833
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Revolutions of 1848
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Factory Act
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limited children's and adolescents workweek in textile factories
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Revolutions of 1848
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Corn Laws
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Repealed in 1846. The had imposed a tariff on imported grain and were a symbolic protection of aristoctatic landholdings
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Revolutions of 1848
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Micheal Bakunin (1814-1876)
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Radical Russian, advocated revolutionary violence. He believed that revolutionary movements should be lead by secret societies who would seize powe, destroy the state and create a new social order.
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Industrialization
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Henry Bessemer (1813-1898)
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Englishman who developed the Bessemer converter,the first efficient methed for the mass production of steel
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Industrialization
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Louis Blanc (1811-1882)
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Wrote the Organization of Work (1840) which proposed the use of competition to eliminate competition. It was the step toward future socialist society. Advocated the principle, "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs."
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Industrialization
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Classical liberalism
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Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosphes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its political goals were self government(concept of general will); a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire(free trade-no government interference in the workings of the economy)
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Industrialization
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Dialectial materialism
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the idea, according Karl Marx, that change and developement in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways
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Industrialization
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Domestic System
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the manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system
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Industrialization
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Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
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Collaborator with Karl Marx. Engels was a textile factory owner and supplied Marx with the hard data for his economic writings, most notably Das Kapital (1867)
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Industrialization
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Roger Fenton
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Battlefield photographer of the Crimean War
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Industrialization
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J.G. Fichte (1762-1814)
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German writer who believed that the German spirit was nobler and purer than that of other peoples.
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Industrialization
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Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
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A leading utopian socialist ho envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.
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Industrialization
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Hegelian Dialectic
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The idea, accoring to G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831), a German philosopher, that social change results from the conflict of opposite ideas. The thesis is confronted by antithesis, resulting in a synthesis, which then becomes a new thesis. The process is evolutionary. Marx turned Hegel "upside down" and made class conflict, not ideas, is the force driving history foward.
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Industrialization
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J.G. Herder (1774-1803)
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Forerunner of the German Romantic movement who believed that each people shared a national character, or Volksgeist.
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Industrialization
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Thomas Malthus (1776-1834)
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English parson whose Essay on Population (1798) argued population would always increase faster that food supply.
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Industrialization
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
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German philosopher and founder of Marxism--theory that class conflict is motor force driving historical change and development
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Industrialization
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Robert Owen (1771-1858)
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Utopian socialist who improved health and safety conditions in mills, increased workers wages and reduced hours. Dreamed of establishing socialist communities the most notable was New Harmony (1826) which failed
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Industrialization
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David Ricardo (1772-1823)
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English economist who formulated to "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistece level for workers because of population growth
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Industrialization
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William Russell
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British journalist who reported the events of the Crimean War first hand for the people at home.
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Industrialization
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Hebert Spencer (1820-1903)
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English philospher who argued that in the difficult economic struggle for evistence, only the "fittest" would survive
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Industrialization
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Flora Tristan (1803-1844)
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Socialist and feminist who called for working women's social and political rights.
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Industrialization
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Otto von Bismark (1815-1898)
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Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule
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Age of Nationalism
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Bundesrat
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The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature)
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Age of Nationalism
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Count Cavour (1810-1861)
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Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy
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Age of Nationalism
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Francis Deak (1803-1876)
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Magyar, forced Franz Joseph to agree to Compromise of 1867 which created Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
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Age of Nationalism
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Ems Telegram
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The carefully edited dispatch by Bismark to the French ambassador Bendetti that appeared to be insulting and thus requiring retaliation by France for the seeming affront to French honor
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Age of Nationalism
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Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
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Soldier of fortune who amassed his "Red Shirt" army to bring Naples and Sicily into a unified Italy
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Age of Nationalism
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Home of Savoy
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The Italian dynasty ruling independent state of Piedmont-Sardinia. Its head was King Victor Emmanuel II.
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Age of Nationalism
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Indemnity Bill (1867)
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bill passed by German Reichstag that legitimated Bismark's unconstitutional collection of taxes to modernize army in 1863
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Age of Nationalism
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Kulturkampf
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Bismark's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventuallt, after little success, Bismark halted these policies
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Age of Nationalism
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Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-1864)
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Leader of the revisionist socialist, who hoped to achieve socialism through the ballot rather than the bullet. They agreed to work within the framework of the existing government
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Age of Nationalism
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Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
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Idealistis patriot devoted for the principle of united and republican Italy in a world of free states
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Age of Nationalism
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Napoleon III (1852-1870)
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the former Louis Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'etat, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire
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Age of Nationalism
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Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847)
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Irish advocate for the Penal Laws against Catholics. Tried to have repealed the Act of Union of 1800, which limked Britain and Ireland legislatively. His election to Parliament for the passage of the 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act which declared Catholics were eligible for Public Office.
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Age of Nationalism
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Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-1891)
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elected to Parliament in 1875 he came to prominence by obstructing other legislation to gain a hearing for home rule for Ireland. In 1885 Parnell's party won 86 seat, exactly the number of votes separting the Liberals (335) from th Conservatives (249). This forced Gladstone to announce his support for a Home Rule Bill
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Age of Nationalism
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Realpolitik
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The "politics of reality," i.e., the use of practical means to achieve ends. Bismark was a practitioner.
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Age of Nationalism
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"Red Shirt"
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Volunteers in Garibaldi's army
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Age of Nationalism
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Reichstag
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the lower house of the German Diet, or legislature.
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Age of Nationalism
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Risorgimento
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Itailaian drived and desire for unity
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Age of Nationalism
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Siege of Paris
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the four month Prussain assult on the French capital after Napoleon III's surrender in 1870
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Age of Nationalism
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Treaty of Frankfurt
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The end of the Franco-Prussian War, which ceded the territories of Alsace and most of Lorraine to Germany
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Age of Nationalism
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Young Italy
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An assciation under the leadership of Mazzini that urger the unification of the country
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Age of Nationalism
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Alexander II (1855-1881)
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Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government
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Russia
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Alexander III (1881-1894)
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Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia. Boyar-Russian noble
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Russia
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Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
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An "enlightened despot" of Russia whose policies of reform wre aborted under pressure of rebellion by serfs
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Russia
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Church Statute of 1721
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A Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members(lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to czar
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Russia
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Crimean War (1853-1856)
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Conflict ostensible wafed to protect Othodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris(1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia
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Russia
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Decembrist Revolt (1825)
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plot by Liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up constitutional monarchy or republic. Plot failed, but ideals remained
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Russia
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duma
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Russian national legislature
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Russia
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Emancipation Edict (1861)
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The imperial law that abolished serfdom in Russia and, on paper, freed the peasants. In actuality they were collectiely responsible for redemption payments to the government for a number of years
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Russia
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Father Gapon
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Leader of the factory workers who assmbled before th czar's palace to petition him on January 1950 (Bloody Sunday)
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Russia
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Ivan the Great (1462-1505)
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The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing his nobles and attaing absolute power
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Russia
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Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584)
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earned his nickname for hs great acts of cruelty directed towards all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first rler to assume the titile Czar of all Russia
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Russia
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Kulak
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an independent and propertied Russian Farmer
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Russia
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Mir
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village commune where the emancipated serfs lived and worked collectively in order to meet redemption payements to the government
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Russia
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Nicolas II (1894-1917)
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the last czar of the Romanov dynasty, whose government collapsed under the pressure of WWI
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Russia
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Sofia Perovkial
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First women excecuted for political crime in Russia; was a member of militant movement that assassignated Czar Alexander II
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Russia
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Pugechev (1726-1775)
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Head of bloody peasant revolt in 1773 that convince Cathering the Great to throw her suppore to the nobles and cease internal reforms
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Russia
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Micheal Romanov
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in 1613 an assembly of nobles chose Michael as new czar. For the next 300 years the Romanov family ruled in Russia.
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Russia
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Peter Stolypin (1862-1911)
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Russian minister under Nicolas II who encouraged the growth of private farmers and improved edcation for enterprising peasants.
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Russia
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Sergei Witte (1849-1915)
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Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder ot the Tran Siberian Railroad
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Russia
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Zemstovo
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a type of local government with powers to tv and make laws; essentially, a training ground for democracy, dominated by the property-owning class when established in 1864
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Russia
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Eduard Bernstein(1850-1932)
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Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet-i.e., by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliment and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP)
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