Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Black Death
|
bubonic plague, sweeps through Europe in the 14th century, causes internal bleeding and black spots
|
bring out your dead
|
|
|
Wat Tyler's rebellion
|
an uprising of English peasants led by Wat Tyler, asking fundamentally if it is OK to have classes
|
peasant
|
|
|
jaqueries
|
uprising of French peasants, also known as Jaques
|
Jaques is the French nickname for the peasantry
|
|
|
Hundred Year's War
|
Actually 116 years, this was a war between France and England in 1337. England claimed much of the land that was held by the French. Joan of Arc was a great French military leader, but the French didn't stand a chance against the English longbows
|
Joan of Arc
|
|
|
Boniface VIII
|
Pope who issued the papal bull "Unam Sanctum" angered the French King Philip the Fair, arrested
|
Pope High and Mighty
|
|
|
Unam Sanctum
|
Papal bull issued by Boniface VIII stating that the church was untaxable, that only Catholics could be "saved," and that the Pope had the right to judge every person
|
Pope High and Mighty
|
|
|
Babylonian Captivity
|
The papacy is moved to Avignon in France to serve the French king
|
Avignon
|
|
|
The Great Schism
|
Two popes are elected, one in Avignon and one in Rome, causing insecurity in the church
|
Bipapal
|
|
|
annates
|
the entire first year's salary of every new bishop/abbot goes to the pope
|
annual
|
|
|
Council of Pisa
|
tries to depose other pope and elect a new one, but now there's a third pope
|
tripapal
|
|
|
Council of Constance
|
goals: end schism (Martin V elected), remove heresy (John Huss burned), reform church (not much done here)
|
elections, burning, and change
|
|
|
Lollards
|
followers of William Longland, author of Piers Plowman written against the upper class
|
anti-upper class
|
|
|
John Wyclif
|
Oxford teacher, doubts need for established church for salvation
|
anti-structural
|
|
|
John Huss
|
agrres with Wyclif, starts German Hussites
|
Hussites
|
|
|
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
|
the Gallican (French) church is given greater liberty from Rome, no annates, chooses bishops
|
Gallican liberties
|
|
|
Simony
|
sale of church offices
|
ya wanna buy a bishop?
|
|
|
Nepotism
|
favoring of family
|
well he is my brother...
|
|
|
indulgences
|
money paid to the church to speed the passage of souls through Purgatory
|
purchasing salvation
|
|
|
Renaissance popes
|
not quite so religious anymore, scholars, enjoy society, military, artistic
|
secularization
|
|
|
Renaissance
|
rebirth
|
if you can't describe this in one word, you should switch classes
|
|
|
quattrocentro
|
15th century (1400s)
|
centro like hundred
|
|
|
city-states
|
independent, self-governed towns of Italy
|
more than a city, less than a state
|
|
|
Florence
|
center of the Italian Renaissance
|
think Da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc.
|
|
|
Medici
|
wealthy banking family that controls Florence and patronizes the arts
|
family owned city
|
|
|
virtu
|
manliness, success
|
be a man
|
|
|
condotierre
|
leaders of private armies hired to defend the city-states
|
rent-an-army
|
|
|
Petrarch
|
writer, humanist, writes outside of religion
|
humane letters
|
|
|
Leonardo Da Vinci
|
painter, Last Supper, Mona Lisa, paints real people in the world of religion
|
please just know this
|
|
|
Raphael
|
painter, Madonnas (young women)
|
artist
|
|
|
Michelangelo
|
painter, sculptor, David, Pieta, Sistine Chapel
|
jack of all trades
|
|
|
Humane letters
|
secular writing
|
who needs religion?
|
|
|
Boccaccio
|
writes Decamaron about human behavior
|
writer
|
|
|
Bruni
|
writes history of Florence, past is important but seperate from present and future, also the chancellor of Florence
|
governor and writer
|
|
|
Castiglione
|
writes The Courtier on good manners and behavior
|
P's and Q's
|
|
|
Christine de Pisan
|
woman humanist wirter
|
not a girly girl
|
|
|
Popolo grosso
|
the wealthy upper class of Italy, including merchants and manufacturers
|
fat people
|
|
|
Mediocri
|
middle class, artisans, small merchants
|
mediocre
|
|
|
Popolo minuti
|
urban population, the poor
|
little people
|
|
|
Tuscan
|
the language of Florence, now Italian
|
Tuscany is a city-state near Florence
|
|
|
Grandi
|
the governing class, wealthy merchants
|
grand
|
|
|
Signoria
|
elected council of Florence to propose laws and manage foreign affairs
|
council
|
|
|
Pazzi consipiracy
|
assassination attempt onf Lorenzo the Magnificent de Medici during a mass
|
killer
|
|
|
Council of Seventy
|
creates committees to manage internal affairs, run by Medici
|
government
|
|
|
"pagan" humanism
|
secular humanists movement
|
pagan means without religion
|
|
|
Regiomontanus
|
part of the Northern renaissance, declares the universe to be governed by math
|
math
|
|
|
Copernicus
|
declared heliocentric (sun-center) theory of universe
|
heliocentric
|
|
|
Meister Eckhart
|
mystic in the North
|
mystic
|
|
|
Thomas a Kempis
|
mystic in the North, writes Imitation of Christ
|
mystic writer
|
|
|
Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life
|
participants in lay religion, not clerics but lead a holy life
|
common sisters and brothers
|
|
|
Erasmus
|
humanist of the north, writes on leading a holy life without stupidity or violence
|
northern writer
|
|
|
Praise of Folly
|
book by Erasmus satirizing worldy ambition
|
its all in the title
|
|
|
Handbook of a Christian Knight
|
shows how to be both secular and religious
|
again, in the title
|
|
|
mysticism
|
direct commune with God without the church
|
religion w/o church
|
|
|
lay religion
|
people follow God fully without joining the church
|
common religion
|
|
|
Erasmian virtues
|
Erasmus's values of mildness, reasonableness, tolerance, restraint, manners, scholarship, peace, reform through thinking
|
modern Christian values
|
|
|
common law
|
traditional rights of the feudal system
|
tradition!
|
|
|
Tudors
|
new monarchy of england
|
Tudor dynasty
|
|
|
Henry VII
|
conquers the land and reduces the powers of the nobles
|
1st Tudor
|
|
|
Star Chamber
|
the judgement room of Henry VII
|
law court of the king
|
|
|
livery and maintenance
|
the practice of nobles to maintaina a private army, abolished by Henry VII
|
noble's defense
|
|
|
Louis XI
|
new monarch of France, of the Volois line, expands French border, raises taxes w/o parliament
|
French king
|
|
|
Francis I
|
king of France, creates Concordat of Bologna
|
another French king
|
|
|
Concordat of Bologna
|
agreement between France and Rome to remove the Pragmatic Sanction so that the pope still recieves annates and the French king still chooses bishops
|
anti-Pragmatic
|
|
|
Aragon and Castille
|
two major kingdoms of Spain
|
Spanish
|
|
|
Ferdinand and Isabella
|
monarchs of Aragon and Castille, respectively, who marry to unite Spain
|
marriage of unity
|
|
|
Inquisition
|
Spanish Inquisition, requires religious conformity, uses torture
|
Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!
|
|
|
Conquest of Granada
|
Spanish conquer southern province of Granada, previously held by Moores
|
southern area
|
|
|
Moriscos and Marranos
|
Christians of Muslim and Jewish descent, respectively, whom many are suspicious of
|
converts?
|
|
|
Habsburgs
|
elected leaders of the HRE, eventually own much of Europe and America
|
big family
|
|
|
Maximilian I
|
Habsburg emperor, tries to centralize HRE admin, marries heiress of Burgundy to inherit Burgundy and Netherlands to son Philip, who marries Joanna of Spain to inherit Spanish holdings
|
Habsburg territorial expansion
|
|
|
Charles V
|
son of Philip and Joanna, owns Spanish holdings, Austria, Burgundy, Netherlands, brother Ferdinand owns Hungary and Bohemia
|
huge tracts of land
|
|
|
Wars of the Roses
|
wars betweens English barons that weaken the noblility, to the benefit of the king
|
noble war
|
|
|
imperial knights
|
land owners of the HRE, loyal only to emperor
|
HRE knights
|
|
|
Martin Luther
|
a monk who believed that a person's spirituality is justified by faith, rather than faith and works. He appealed to the pope, was excommunicated, and founded Luteranism
|
lutheran
|
|
|
Lutheranism
|
No purgatory, only recognizes two sacraments (baptism and communion), refutes transubstantiation for consubstantiation, believes state should govern religion
|
Luther
|
|
|
justification by faith
|
belief is primary, while doing things to demonstrate belief are secondary
|
instead of faith and works
|
|
|
Tetzel
|
traveling friar who sold indulgences and enraged Luther
|
indulgences
|
|
|
95 theses
|
Luther's ideas posted on the Wittenberg church door
|
Luther
|
|
|
Charles V and Luther
|
Charles apprehends Luther and bans him from the empire
|
Charles is the HOLY ROMAN Emperor
|
|
|
Diet of Worms
|
assembly in Worms that banned Luther from preaching in the Empire after a papal bull excommunicating him
|
Worms is a city
|
|
|
1524 peasant revolt
|
inspired by religious reforms, peasants revolt and demand regulation of rent and security of rights. Despite inspiration by Luther, Luther himself rejects them
|
religious unrest
|
|
|
Anabaptists
|
radical religious leaders saying that the world needs more love, or that infants shouldn't be baptized or that polygamy is alright. John of Leyden takes over Munster
|
religious revolt
|
|
|
Cuius regio eius religion
|
his the region his the religion, the decision of the HRE to allow the leader of each territory to choose the area religion
|
his the_______, his the ________
|
|
|
Schmalkaldic War
|
Lutheran princes gather in League of Schmalkald to rebel for rights against the HRE, helped by the French
|
war of religion
|
|
|
Peace of Augsburg
|
ends Schmalkaldic war, allows leaders of territories to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism, but says that any leader that changes religion has to move themselves
|
ends war of religion
|
|
|
Ecclesiastical reservation
|
part of the Peace of Augsburg, saying that if the leader of an HRE territory should change religion, they must move to a territory supporting them, rather than changing their territory
|
limit of choosing religion
|
|
|
John Calvin
|
Lawyer who joined forces with other Protestants to form Calvinism
|
Calvinism
|
|
|
Calvinism
|
the religion founded by John Calvin, holding that there is nothing divine about the Eucharist, promoting predestination, and wanting to govern itself
|
John Calvin
|
|
|
Institutes of the Christian Religion
|
book written by John Calvin addressing the world, providing those dissatisfied with the Roman Catholic church but living in a Catholic community a way to practice their own religion quietly
|
John Calvin
|
|
|
Predestination
|
God has predetermined those to be saved, and they will be perfect
|
John Calvin
|
|
|
Presbyteries
|
the "governments" or small councils created to lead Calvinist communities, made up of elected ministers and lay religious
|
Calvin's Geneva
|
|
|
Geneva
|
the area of Switzerland where John Calvin set up his religious community to live up to his exacting standards of morality and pious life
|
Calvinist
|
|
|
Michael Servetus
|
Spanish refugee to Geneva burned for denial of holy trinity
|
Protestant even to Calvinism
|
|
|
Huguenots
|
French Calvinists
|
Calvinism
|
|
|
John Knox
|
brings Calvinism to Scotland in the form of Presbyterianism
|
Calvinism
|
|
|
1534 Act of Supremacy
|
Henry VIII declares himself the sole leader of the Church of England in rebellion to the pope who wouldn't annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
|
Henry VIII
|
|
|
Six Articles (1539)
|
requires English belief in several Catholic ideas including transubsantiation, the celibacy of the clergy, and the need for confession
|
Henry VIII
|
|
|
Church of England/Anglicanism
|
Protestant church led by the English monarch, using the English rather than Latin language, refusing the cult of saints, and allowing the clergy to marry
|
protestant church in England
|
|
|
Thirty-nine articles (1563)
|
evasive articles written by bishops under Elizabeth that made the Anglican church generally protestant
|
Elizabeth
|
|
|
Church of Ireland
|
a replica of the Church of England established in Ireland
|
protestant church in Ireland
|
|
|
Edward VI
|
son of Henry VIII who was manipulated into making the Church of England more Protestant
|
successor to Henry VIII
|
|
|
Mary Tudor
|
Bloody Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, angry at the Protestant church for the removal of her mother, tries to re-Catholicize England by mass executions, marries PHilip of Spain, just makes Catholicism unpopular
|
successor to Edward VI
|
|
|
Elizabeth I
|
daughter of Hanry VIII by Anne Boleyn, can't be Catholic, doesn't really care about religion but allows the church to become protestant
|
successor to Bloody Mary
|
|
|
episcopal movement
|
a movement of bishops who wanted to establish a council greater than the authority of the pope
|
conciliar
|
|
|
Vulgate
|
translation of the Bible by St. Jerome accepted by the Catholic church as the true translation
|
Bible
|
|
|
Council of Trent
|
a council established to correct abuses of the Catholic church, sometimes known interchangeably as the Catholic/Counter Reformation
|
abuses
|
|
|
pluralism
|
the practice of clergy holding several offices in the church, abolished
|
plural=multiple
|
|
|
Paul III
|
the first of the reforming popes, regarding the papacy to be a moral force rather than a status
|
reform
|
|
|
St. Vincent de Paul
|
works for the poor in Paris
|
outreach
|
|
|
Jesuits
|
society of Jesus, establishes schools, missions, characterized by extreme faith in the church, become involved politically, ultramontanistic
|
society of Jesus
|
|
|
Ursulines
|
religious order for women
|
women
|
|
|
St. Ignatius Loyola
|
establishes Jesuits
|
religious order
|
|
|
Spiritual Exercises
|
book written by Loyola outlining the sever mystical training that a Jesuit must undergo
|
Loyola
|
|
|
ultramontanism
|
placing the pope above all others, proclaiming him infallible
|
papal
|
|
|
Papal Index of Prohibited Books
|
List of books considered by the papacy to be dangerous to the religous health of Catholics
|
book burning (kinda)
|
|
|
Roman/Papal Inuqisition
|
attempts to root out heresy, never operates too severely outside of Rome
|
like the Spanish one
|
|
|
Wars of Religion
|
wars fought between Protestants and Catholics for territorial control
|
|
|
|
Vasco De Gama
|
Portuguese sailor who rounded the tip of Africa in 1498; sets up Portuguese commerce by force
|
|
|
|
Albuquerque
|
first governor general of the Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean
|
|
|
|
St. Francis Xavier
|
Jesuit missoinary baptizes thousands in India, Indonesia, and Japan
|
|
|
|
Magellan
|
circumnavigates the globe by going south of South America; dies on journey
|
|
|
|
Treaty of 1494
|
Treaty of Tordesillas; divides the globe between Spain and Portugal; line down the Atlantic gives Spain South America and Portugal Asia
|
|
|
|
Conquistadores
|
Spanish conquerers
|
|
|
|
Encomienda
|
a system of forced Native American work where the natives worked a certain number of days of the week and keep a patch of land for themselves
|
|
|
|
Black Legend
|
stories of the awful treatment of natives and Africans in the Spanish Empire; based on a book by Bartolome de las Casas
|
|
|
|
Potosi
|
a silver mine in Peru; very lucrative
|
|
|
|
Mestizos
|
people of mixed European and Indian background
|
|
|
|
University of Lima
|
the university in the Peruvian capital; one of 5 in the Spanish empire
|
|
|
|
Capital
|
money and raw materials for the creation of goods
|
|
|
|
Entrepreneur
|
a person who starts a business
|
|
|
|
"price revolution"
|
a steady inflation of European currency, which decreased in value; caused by influx of precious metal, increased population, and kings debasing currency
|
|
