Ap Environmental - Unit 3 - The World We Live In

Front 1

populations

Back 1

Group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same place at the same time.

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community

Back 2

Natural association that consists of interacting groups of species within the same time and area

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species

Back 3

organisms that are alike and can interbreed and have fertile offspring

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ecosystem

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community and physical environment

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abiotic

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non-living or physical

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Landscape Ecology

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Studies ecological processes over large areas

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landscape

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large land areas that include several ecosystems

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biosphere

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layer of earth containing all living organisms

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energy

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capacity/ability to do work

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Potential energy

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stored energy

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Kinetic Energy

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motion energy

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Thermodynamics

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Study of energy and its transformations

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define system and the 2 types of systems.

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object being studied (involving energy). There is a closed and an open system.

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1st Law of thermodynamics

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Energy can not be created or destroyed, but it can change from one form to another.

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2nd Law of Thermodynamics

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Total amount of energy to work with is lost over time.

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entropy

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measure of order of energy

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Would organized, usable energy have high or low entropy?

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low

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Photosynthesis

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6 Carbon Dioxide + 12 H2O + radiant energy = Glucose + 6 H2O + 6O2

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Cellular Respiration

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Glucose + 6 H2O + 6O2 = 6 Carbon Dioxide + 12 H2O + radiant energy

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energy flow

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The passage of energy in a one-way direction through an ecosystem.

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Three types of consumers

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Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

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omnivores

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eat both plants and animals

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Detritus Feeders

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Consumers that eat detritus (feces, carcasses, and leaf litter)

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Decomposers or Saprotrophs

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Microbial heterotrophs that break down dead organic material and use the decomposition to supply themselves with energy.

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Examples of decomposers

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fungi and bacteria

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Trophic level

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An organism's position in the food chain

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Food Web

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a representation of the interlocking food chains that connect all organisms in an ecosystem.

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The trophic level of Producers

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1st

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Ecological pyramids

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graphically representative of the energy of each trophic level

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Types of Ecological pyramids

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Pyramid of numbers, Pyramid of biomass, and pyramid of energy

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Rule of 10

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10% of energy moves up a trophic level

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GPP

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rate at which energy is captured during photosynthesis (of an ecosystem)

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NPP

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Productivity after respiration losses are subtracted, it is the rate at which organic matter is actually incorporated into plant tissues for growth.

GPP - Respiration

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Terrestrial productivity

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precipitation, temperature and light intensity. Productivity increases approaching equator

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Peter Vitousek and Stuart Rojstaczer

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measured Human usage of NPP, which amounted to 32%, though humans make up .05% of consumer biomass

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NPP is expressed in ________.

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energy per unit area per unit time (kcal/m2/year) or dry weight

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Evolution

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cumulative changes that occur in a population of organisms over time

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4 causes of Evolution

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Overproduction, variation, limits on population growth, and differential reproductive success

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Supports of Evolution

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fossil record, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology

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6 kingdoms

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animalia, protista, plantae, fungi, archbacteria, and eubacteria

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Where is archbacteria found?

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in O2 deficient environments, such as salt springs and ponds

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What does the fossil record show?

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adaptations and carbon records

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Define biogegraphy

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loooking at the geographical location of an organism

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Homologous structures

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same structure, different function

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Domain of Archaea

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prokaryotic, unicellular, heter/autotrophs, photo/chemo autotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs

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Succession

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Process of community development over time

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Henry Cowles

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Developed idea of Succession in the 1880s'

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Coevolution

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interdependent evolution of 2 interacting species, results in symbiosis

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Mutualism

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(+,+)

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Zooxanthele

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algae in coral cells

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Mycorrizae

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Fungus on tree roots

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Commensialism

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(+, 0)

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Parasitism

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(+, -)

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Pathogen

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parasite that kills host

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Predation

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animals eating one another

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Competition

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interaction between organisms that vie for the same resource

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Ecological Description of species:

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(1) produced/consumer/decomposer (2) symbiotic associations (3) predator/prey (4) species it competes with

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Ecological Niche

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Totality of organism's adaptations, use of resources, & lifestyle to which it is fitted

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Eubacteria

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Prokaryotic, unicellular, mostly heterotrophs, but also autotrophs

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Protista

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Eurkaryotic, uni/multi-cellular, auto/hetero-trophs, assexual & sexual, most loosely related

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Fungus

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eukaryotic, uni/mulit-cellular, heterotrophs, assexual & sexual, cell way composed of chitin

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Plantae

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Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs, sexual

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Animalia has how many different phylla?

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35

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Competitive exclusion

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one species excludes another from part of niche

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G.F. Gause

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realized niche is determined by interaction of species

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examples of primary succession

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volcanic lava, rock

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Robert Macarthur

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Resource Partioning

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Resource Partioning

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Coexisting species niches differ by greater than one aspect

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Species Richness

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# of Species within a community

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Ecosystem Services

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services such as clean air and water, and fertile soil that may lead to an increase in species richness

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Specialist

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eats specific things

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Generalist

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Eats many things

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Examples of keystone species

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Salmon; otter; elephant: tramples grass growth; gray wolf: controls populations of smaller animals; black-footed prairie dogs: burrows aerate the dirt.

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Species Richness is greater where?

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At ecotone, which is the transition between ecosystems

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Species Eveness

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quantifies how equal the community is numerically

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Climates

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based on temperature and Precipitation

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Biome

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terrestrial region with similiar climate, soil, and organisms regardless of where it occurs in the world

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zooplankton

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non-photosynthetic

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phytoplankton

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photosynthetic

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Nekton

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strong swimmers like fish, turtles, and whales

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Banthos

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bottom dwelling or burrow in sand

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Flowing Water ecosystem

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freshwater ecosystem such as a river/stream in which water flows in a current

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Standing Water ecosystem

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body of fresh water surrounded by land; no flow; lake or pond

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3 zones of a lake

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littoral: shallow shoreline where sunlight reaches bottom, limnetic: open water beyond littoral, extends to sunlights reach, and profundal: no light or O2, decomposers reside here, mineral rich

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Thermal stratification

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layers of temperatures of Water

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transition between layers of Thermal stratification

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Thermocline

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Freshwater Wetlands

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marsh and swamps

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Ecosystem services of a freshwater ecosystem

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groundwater recharge, flood control

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Estuary

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Connection of fresh water from a river and coastal body of water, surrounded by land

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Characteristics of an Estuary

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fertile: light, mixing of soil, plants, and nutrients from land; storm buffering; breeding site

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intertidal and benthic zones

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intertidal: area of shoreline between low and high tides; bethic: from intertidal to the ocean floor

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Abyssal and Hadal

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Divisions of the Benthic zones. Abyssal: 1st layer and Haddal: 2nd layer, extends to ground

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Seagrass

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shallows, photosynthetic

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Kelp

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photosynthetic, supplies habitat and food

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3 types of coral reefs

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Barrier: lagoon present between it and an island, atoll: circular, surrounded by a lagoon, and fringing: attatched to a shore of a volcanic island or continent

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Human Impact on Coral Reef

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Diving, Bleeching from temp increase, and pollution

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Neritic Province

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part of the pellagic environment that overlies the ocean floor from the shoreline to 200 m

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Oceanic Province

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Ocean floors and below 200 m, nutrients supplied vie marine snow