Ap Environmental - Unit 4 - Human Health And Toxicology

Front 1

infant mortality

Back 1

number of deaths per 1,000 of children under one

Front 2

life expectancy

Back 2

The expected number of years an individual is to live within a given country

Front 3

BMI

Back 3

Body Mass Index, weight x 740/height2

Front 4

emerging diseases

Back 4

Diseases that have been spread to humanity via another species

Front 5

re-emerging diseases

Back 5

preexisting diseases that have risen in prevalence

Front 6

examples of emerging diseases

Back 6

HIV/AIDS, SARS, and Ebola

Front 7

toxicology

Back 7

How poisonous a substance is in biological substances

Front 8

Persistence

Back 8

Characteristic stability and thus may take years to be broken down into simpler forms

Front 9

Bioaccumulation

Back 9

build-up of substance in an organism's body

Front 10

Biological magnification/amplification

Back 10

increased concentration of toxic chemicals in tissues of organisms in higher levels of food web

Front 11

Endocrine Disruptor

Back 11

a chemical that mimics or interferes with actions of the endoctrine system

Front 12

Toxicants

Back 12

chemicals with adverse effects on health

Front 13

acute

Back 13

immediate

Front 14

chronic

Back 14

prolonged

Front 15

Most common Diseases that effect Americans now.

Back 15

Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and Cancer

Front 16

Categories of Pollutants

Back 16

Infectious agents, Abestos, electromagnetic, noise, organic compounds, radiation, pesticides, radioactive isotopes, Toxic heavy metals, flame retardants, and industrial chemicals

Front 17

Causes for Re-emerging Diseases

Back 17

Increase in urban population and old people, travel, and change in the environment

Front 18

Dose-Response Curve

Back 18

Graph that shoes the effects of different doses on a population of test organisms

Front 19

LD50

Back 19

Lethal dose that kills 50% of population of test organisms

Front 20

ED50

Back 20

effective dose that causes side effect in 50% of the population of test organisms

Front 21

Additive

Back 21

projects expected toxicity

Front 22

Synergistic

Back 22

projects a greater toxicity than expected

Front 23

Antagonistic

Back 23

projects a lowered toxicity than expected

Front 24

Diluted Paradigm

Back 24

The ideology that toxins and chemicals become diluted when released into the air

Front 25

Boomerang Paradigm

Back 25

The ideology that bad things released into the environment will come back to you

Front 26

entoxicology

Back 26

Study of contaminants in the biosphere and effects on ecosystems

Front 27

risk

Back 27

probability of harm

Front 28

risk assessment

Back 28

process by which a danger is assessed

Front 29

Precautionary Principle

Back 29

Policy that no action should be taken if harm may be caused

Front 30

Ecological Risk assessment

Back 30

Ecological effects of humans estimated

Front 31

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Back 31

Quantifies the cost and benefits to aid policy makers in decision making

Front 32

Epidemic

Back 32

concentrated area

Front 33

Pandemic

Back 33

Global epidemic

Front 34

Teratogen

Back 34

results in fetal defects

Front 35

Neurotoxins

Back 35

PCB, Arsenic, Lead, Methyl, Mercury and pesticides

Front 36

Steps of a Risk Assessment

Back 36

1. hazard identification 2. Dose/response assessment 3. exposure assessment 4. risk characterization

Front 37

Bioassay

Back 37

experiment to measure the toxicity of a substance

Front 38

point source

Back 38

specific or confined conveyance of pollution into the environment

Front 39

TD-50

Back 39

threshold dose that induces tumors in 50% of the test population

Front 40

LD-50 curve

Back 40

compares the dose with the % mortality

Front 41

50 ppm = ___ ppb

Back 41

50,000 ppb

Front 42

What happened in Woburn, MA?

Back 42

TCE was released from a local tannery

Front 43

Bhopal Disaster

Back 43

chemical accident that produced water reactive gas that killed thousands in the middle of the night

Front 44

Chernobyl

Back 44

Severe Nuclear Disaster

Front 45

What was a big event that switched thinking from the dilution to the boomerang paradigm?

Back 45

DDT bioaccumulation in birds

Front 46

% CO2 in the environment = ____.

Back 46

.037%

Front 47

What is a human impact on the phosphorous cycle?

Back 47

Erosion by Agriculture

Front 48

Solutions to Infectious Agents: ___________.

Back 48

a decrease in antibiotic use, malnutrition, and poverty. An increase in education about antibiotics, immunization, water & food supply, and hand washing.

Front 49

Classification of DDT.

Back 49

Endoctrine disruptor and carcinogen

Front 50

Benzene and Chlorine classification

Back 50

carcinogen, endoctrine disruptor, teratogen

Front 51

Methyl Isocynate classification

Back 51

teratogen, Neurotoxin

Front 52

Herbicides (TCDD or dioxine)

Back 52

Carcinogen and teratogen

Front 53

T or F. Acute reaction = low exposure.

Back 53

False

Front 54

Love Canal -- Hooker Chemical Company

Back 54

chemical spill that included chlorine and benzene; resulted in Super Fund establishment

Front 55

Arsenic Poisoning in India and Bangladesh

Back 55

Water contamination from pesticides that resulted in wells, better drinking water, and more education on Arsenic