Ap English Language And Composition

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AD HOMINEM

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appealing to personal considerations rather than logic

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ALLEGORY

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a story with two meanings, a literal and a symbolic meaning

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ALLITERATION

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the repitition of initial sounds in neighboring words

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ALLUSION

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a brief reference to a person, event, place, real or ficticious , or to a work of art

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ANAPHORA

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(parallel structure) the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect

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ANTITHESIS

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using opposite phrases in close conjunction

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APOSTROPHE

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the act of adressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present

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ASSONANCE

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repeating identical or similar vowels (especially in stressed syllables) in nearby words

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COLLOQUIAL

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a word or phrase used everyday in plain relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing

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CONCEIT

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an elaborate unusual comparison- especially using unlikely metaphors, simile, hyperboles and contradiction

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CONNOTATION

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the extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the minimal, strict definition found in a dictionary

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CONSONANCE

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a special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern on consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels

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DICTION

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the choice of a particular word as opposed to others

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DENOTATION

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the minimal, strict definition of a word as found in the dictionary

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ETHOS

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an appeal to the character of the individual and values

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EUPHEMISM

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a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a usually unpleasant word or concept

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GENRE

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a type of category of literature of film marked by certain shared features or conventions

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HYPERBOLE

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exaggeration or overstatement

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IMAGERY

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the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature

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INFERENCE

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a judgement based on reasoning rather than direct or explicit statement; conclusion based on fcts or circumstances

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IRONY (VERBAL)

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(sarcasm) verbal irony: the contrast is between the literal meaning of what is said and what is meant

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IRONY (DRAMATIC)

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dramatic irony: involves a situation in a narrative in which the audience knows something about the present or future circumstances that the character does not know

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IRONY (SITUATIONAL)

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situational irony: (cosmic irony) accidental events occur that seem oddly appropriate

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LITOTE

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an ironical understatement in which is expressed by the negation of the opposite;words convey less emotion than is actually felt

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LOGOS

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based on logic or reason

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METAPHOR

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comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to impl that one object is another, figuratively speaking

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METONYMY

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substitution of one word for another which it suggests; using a vaguely suggestive physical object to embody a more general idea

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MOTIF

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a conspicuous recurring element, such as a type of incident, a device, a reference, or verbal formula, which appears frequently in works of literature

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NARRATOR

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the "voice" tha speaks or tells a story

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ONOMATOPOEIA

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the use of sounds that are similar to the noise they represent for rhetorical or artistic effect

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OXYMORON

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(paradox) using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense on a deeper level

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PARADOX

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an assertion seemingly oppsed to common sense, but that may yet have some truth in it

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PARALLEL STRUCTURE

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(anaphora) a repitition of sentences using the same structure to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance

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PARODY

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a parody imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work in order to make fun of those same features

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PATHOS

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a writer's attempt to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience; stimulates the audience to feel pitty for a character

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PERSONA

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an external representation of oneself which might or might not acuratelt reflect ones inner self, or an external representation of oneself tat might be largely accurate, but involves exaggerating certain characteristics and minimizing others

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PERSONIFICATION

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abstractions, animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are given human character traits, abilities or reactions

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POINT OF VIEW

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the way a story gets told and who tells it; it is a method in narration that determines the position, or angle of vision , from which the story unfolds

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1ST PERSON P.O.V

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the first person narrator speaks as "I" and the narrator is a character in the story

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2ND PERSON P.O.V

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narrator adresses the reader directly as though he/she is part of the story

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3RD PERSON P.O.V

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the narrator seems to be someone standing outside the story who refers to the characters by names or as "he, she, them"

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RHETORIC

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the art of persuasive argument through writing or speech- the art of eloquence and charismatic language

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RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

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the ways that writers and speakers use words and language to persuade; ethos, pathos, logos;

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DELIBERATIVE RHETORIC

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the art of persuading an audience to take or not to take some action

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FORENSIC RHETORIC

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the art of making a persuasive case in a legal matter

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EPIDEICTIC RHETORIC

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the use of powerfully affective languages to praise or blame someone or something

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SARCASM

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another term for verbal irony-- the act of astensibly saying one thing but meaning another

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SATIRE

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(ridicule) an attack on or critisism of any stupidity or vice in the form of scathing humor, or a critique of what the author sees as dangerous, religious, political, moral, or social standards

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FORMAL SATIRE

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involves direct, first-person-adress, either to the audience or to a listener

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INDIRECT SATIRE

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conventionally employs the form of a fictional narrative

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HORATIAN SATIRE

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tends to focus lightly on laughter and ridicule, but maintains a playful tone

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JUVEHALIAN SATIRE

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also uses withering insults, and a slashing attack

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SIMILE

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an analogy or comparison implied by using an adverb such as "as" or "like" in contrast with a metaphor which figuratively makes the comparison by stating the outright that one thing is another

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SYNTAX

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the orderly arrangement or words into sentences to express ideas; standard word order and sentence structure of a language, as apposed to diction

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THEME

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a central idea statement that unifies and controls an entire literary work

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THESIS

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in an essay, a thesis is an argument, either overt or implicit, that a writer develops and supports

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TONE

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the means of creating a relationship or conveying an attitude or mood