A&p Chapters 9 & 10

Front 1

fascia

Back 1

connective tissue under skin - covers all muscle

Front 2

tendon

Back 2

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Front 3

aponeuroses

Back 3

connective tissue that attaches muscle to muscle

Front 4

epimysium

Back 4

connective tissue layer adheres closely to outside of muscle bringing in blood supply to entire muscle

Front 5

perimysium

Back 5

puts muscle into individual bundles

Front 6

endomysium

Back 6

connective tissue layer adheres (covers) each muscle fiber

Front 7

fasicles

Back 7

bundles of skeletal muscle fibers

Front 8

sarcolemma

Back 8

cell membrane surrounding the muscle

Front 9

sarcoplasm

Back 9

cytoplasm in a muscle fiber

Front 10

myofibrils

Back 10

threadlike structure running lengthwise and parallel - also responsible for contraction

Front 11

myofilaments

Back 11

protein molecules that make up the myofibrils

Front 12

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 12

membranous channels that surrounds each myofibril

Front 13

transverse tubule

Back 13

perpendicular to myofibrils and extend into sarcoplasm

Front 14

cisternae

Back 14

two enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that surround the transverse tubule

Front 15

sarcomere

Back 15

structural and functional unit of a myofibril

Front 16

neuromuscular juncton

Back 16

myoneural junction - where the axon and muscle fiber meet

Front 17

motor neuron

Back 17

nerve cell that sends impulse to muscle

Front 18

motor end plate

Back 18

specialized portion of a muscle fiber membrane at a neuromuscular junction

Front 19

synaptic cleft

Back 19

small gap that separates the membrane of the neuron and membrane of the muscle fiber

Front 20

motor unit

Back 20

motor neuron and the muscle fiber it controls

Front 21

neurotransmitters

Back 21

vesicles containing chemicals and secrete to stimulate a muscle fiber to contract

Front 22

acetyhlcholine

Back 22

(ACh) fiber of the neuron - when it synthesizes it stimulates the muscle fiber

Front 23

cholinesterase

Back 23

enzyme that destroys ACh immediately

Front 24

troponin

Back 24

changes shape and pulls on tropomysium

Front 25

tropomysium

Back 25

attached to troponin and lies in grooves of actin

Front 26

dystrophin

Back 26

coats inner lining of sarcolemma - keeps cells from rupturing

Front 27

sliding filament theory

Back 27

actin and myosin slide past each other thus shortening the skeletal muscle

Front 28

muscle relaxation

Back 28

Achesterase decomposes ACh immediately and the membrane is no longer stimulated

Front 29

creatine phosphate

Back 29

high energy phosphate that stores excess energy released from the mitochondria

Front 30

oxygen

Back 30

carried by blood by Hgb (hemoglobin)

Front 31

myoglobin

Back 31

pigment that is reddish brown color

Front 32

oxygen debt

Back 32

lactic acid accumulates

Front 33

muscle fatigue

Back 33

lose ability to contract pH lowers and prevents muscle fibers from responding to stimulation

Front 34

heat production

Back 34

skeletal muscle and liver produce more heat than any other organ - more heat than physical energy

Front 35

myogram

Back 35

a recording of a muscle contraction

Front 36

threshold stimulus

Back 36

minimal intensity that is needed to cause a contraction

Front 37

twitch

Back 37

single contraction plus relaxation

Front 38

latent period

Back 38

time between stimulus and response

Front 39

refractory period

Back 39

time following the contraction in which the muscle fiber remains unresponsive

Front 40

all or none response

Back 40

if you get a response you get a contraction - no response = no contraction

Front 41

treppe (stair case effect)

Back 41

if a muscle fiber is exposed to a series of stimuli the contraction may be greater than the previous

Front 42

summation

Back 42

muscle fiber exposed to a series of stimuli may be unable to relax completely before next contraction

Front 43

tetanic contraction

Back 43

(sustained contraction) the contraction lacks partial relaxation

Front 44

recruitment

Back 44

increase in the number of activated motor units

Front 45

origin

Back 45

part of the body that does not move

Front 46

insertion

Back 46

part of the body that moves

Front 47

multiunit

Back 47

fibers are seperate and work independently

Front 48

single unit

Back 48

(visceral) sheets and attached by gap junctions - impulses travel easily from one to another

Front 49

peristalsis

Back 49

alternate contractions that cause a wavelike motion and occurs in hollow organs

Front 50

syncytium

Back 50

whole structure contracts as a unit

Front 51

neural tissue

Back 51

nervous tissue

Front 52

neuron

Back 52

nerve cell

Front 53

neuroglia

Back 53

supporting cells - lkeeps neurons in place

Front 54

nerve impulse

Back 54

electrochemical changes - current of electricity

Front 55

nerve fibers

Back 55

tubular membranous with cytoplasm

Front 56

synapse

Back 56

space where one nerve almost joins onto a muscle (spaces between neurons)

Front 57

CNS

Back 57

central nervous system and includes brain and spinal cord

Front 58

PNS

Back 58

peripheal nervous system and includes all other body parts

Front 59

sensory

Back 59

receive information (receptor)

Front 60

integrative

Back 60

nerve impulses brought together creating sensations, adding to memory or helping produce thoughts

Front 61

motor

Back 61

carries impulses from CNS to responsive structures called effectors

Front 62

afferent

Back 62

toward center

Front 63

efferent

Back 63

away from center

Front 64

cell body

Back 64

(soma, perikaryon) contains cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi appartus and microtubules

Front 65

neurofibrils

Back 65

network of fine threads

Front 66

Nissl bodies

Back 66

rough ER scattered throughout the cytoplasm

Front 67

inclusions

Back 67

contain glycogen, lipids and melanin

Front 68

axon

Back 68

conducts nerve impluses away from cell body

Front 69

dendrites

Back 69

bring message into nerve cell - receptive surfaces

Front 70

Schwann cells

Back 70

wrap around a fiber forming the myelin and neurilemma

Front 71

myelin

Back 71

fatty material that forms a sheathlike covering around nerve fibers (lipoprotein)

Front 72

neurilemma

Back 72

sheath on the outside of some nerve fibers

Front 73

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 73

gaps in myelin sheath between Schwann cells

Front 74

myelinated

Back 74

(white fibers) axons that have myelin sheaths (medullated0

Front 75

unmylinated

Back 75

(gray fibers) axons that lack myelin sheaths (naked - nonmedullated)

Front 76

bipolar

Back 76

two processes - one axon and one dendrite (sensory)

Front 77

unipolar

Back 77

one process - one axon (sensory)

Front 78

multipolar

Back 78

many processes - one axon and the rest are dendrites

Front 79

sensory (afferent)

Back 79

carries impulse toward CNS

Front 80

motor (efferent)

Back 80

carries impulse out of CNS

Front 81

interneurons

Back 81

association forms links between neurons

Front 82

astrocytes

Back 82

star shaped providing structural support and metabolism of glucose

Front 83

oligodendrocytes

Back 83

shaped like astrocytes but smaller and form myelin in the brain and spinal cord

Front 84

microglia

Back 84

small structural support and phagocytes

Front 85

ependyma

Back 85

covers inside space within the brain called ventricles

Front 86

irritable

Back 86

to be responsive to stimuli

Front 87

resting potential

Back 87

work that a system can do

Front 88

action potential

Back 88

begins to do the work (nerve impulse)

Front 89

neutral charge

Back 89

body as a whole has a neutral charge

Front 90

energy

Back 90

ability to cause something to move and thus do work

Front 91

charges

Back 91

accumulation of electricity

Front 92

battery

Back 92

negative and postive charge

Front 93

potential energy

Back 93

the energy that a piece of matter has because of it's position or because of the arrangement of parts

Front 94

voltage

Back 94

how electricity is measured 1/1000 of a volt (milivolt)

Front 95

potential difference

Back 95

stored electrical energy

Front 96

current

Back 96

flow of an electrical charge

Front 97

polarized

Back 97

positivity and negativity on seperate ends

Front 98

amplitude

Back 98

beginning to end has the same strength

Front 99

depolarized

Back 99

+ and - back together

Front 100

repolarized

Back 100

bring back to previous

Front 101

hyperpolarized

Back 101

increase in negativity of resting potential

Front 102

trigger zone

Back 102

beginning of extension of a cell

Front 103

axonal transport

Back 103

transport of substances from neuron cell body to an axon terminal

Front 104

monoamine oxidase

Back 104

modified amino acids

Front 105

synaptic knob

Back 105

tiny enlargement at end of axon that secretes a neurotransmitter

Front 106

saltatory conduction

Back 106

nerve impulse conduction that jumps from one node to another

Front 107

neuropeptide

Back 107

peptide in the brain that functions as a neurotransmitter

Front 108

enkephalins

Back 108

relieves pain sensations

Front 109

substance P

Back 109

transmits pain

Front 110

beta endorphin

Back 110

natural pain reliever

Front 111

euphoria

Back 111

good feeling - feeling of well being

Front 112

neuronal pools

Back 112

group of neurons that make synaptic connections and work together to perform a common function

Front 113

convergence

Back 113

allows the nervous system to collect, process and respond to information

Front 114

divergence

Back 114

spreading apart

Front 115

isotonic

Back 115

muscle contracts and object moves

Front 116

isometric

Back 116

muscle contracts and object does not move

Front 117

isokinetic

Back 117

a muslce is helped (walking down stairs)

Front 118

oxytocin

Back 118

hormone that stimulates smooth muscles in the wall of the uterus to contract

Front 119

collateral

Back 119

branches of a nerve fiber (axon branches) frayed end of shoestring