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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nose to terminal bronchioles |
Conducting |
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respiratory bronchioles to alveoli |
Respiratory |
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Air is drawn in through the nose into the |
nasal cavity |
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The nasal cavity is divided into halves L/R by a wall called |
Nasal septum |
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Lateral wall of the nose has folds called |
nasal conchae (turbinates) |
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They cause the airflow to become turbulent and also serves to warm & humidify the air. |
nasal conchae |
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Has erectile tissue that fills with blood 1-2 times per hour, closes off one nostral to humidify the cavity. |
the inferior nasal conchae |
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a muscular funnel that extends from the posterior aperture of the nose to the larynx. |
the pharyax |
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eustacian tube connects to this region of the pharynx |
nasopharynx |
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This region of the pharynx passageway for both air & food |
oropharynx |
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this region of the pharynx fascilitate swallowing and speech. |
laryngopharynx |
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Voicebox |
the larynx |
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chamber composed of both cartilage & muscle |
larynx |
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the main function of this structure prevents food and drink from entering the airway |
larynx |
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most superior cartilage that helps form the larynx |
epiglottis |
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a spoon shaped cartilage covered with soft tissue |
epiglottis |
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The process by which, the root of the tongue pushes the epiglottis down. at the same time muscles attached to the thyroid cartilage pull the larynx upward effectively closing off the trachea. |
swallowing |
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largest of 9 cartilages shaped like a shield thyroid gland sits anterior has an anterior peak called the laryngeal prominence. "Adams Apple" |
Thyroid Cartilage |
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testosterone promotes its growth during puberty. provides anterior anchorage points for the vocal cords. |
Thyroid Cartilage |
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inferior to thyroid cartilage. it's ligaments attach larynx to the trachea |
cricord cartilage |
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the vocal cords (stretched out like a v) and the opening |
glottis |
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sits behind the thyroid cartilage. The cords attach anterior to the thyroid cartilage |
glottis |
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2 small movable cartilages that attach the vocal cords posterior. |
arytenoids |
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The movement of these 2 posterior cartilages alters the tension of the cords this altering pitch |
arytenoids |
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airflow though the glottis alone produces a sound similar to what |
duck call |
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we need this to create intelligable speech |
oral cavity |
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windpipe supported by 16 to 20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
the trachea |
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what 2 cell types line the trachea |
ciliated epithelium goblet cells-produce mucous |
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ciliated epithelium and goblet cells make up the |
mucociliary escalator |
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designed to trap foreign particles and move them upward to be swallowed and destroyed via stomach acids |
mucociliary escalator |
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the trachea divides into 2 main bronchi at this cartilage ring (looks like underwear) |
carini |
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roughly cone-shaped with a broad base |
the lungs |
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superior peak of the lungs that projects above the clavicle |
apex |
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concave and rest on the diaphram |
base |
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anterior/ lies against rib-cage |
costal surThe face |
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The lungs are seperated from each other by this structure which contains the heart esophagus and major blood vessels. |
mediastinum |
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slit in medial surface through which the bronchi, blood vessels & nerves run into the lungs |
Hilum |
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2 lobes narrow cardiac impression |
left lung |
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3 lobes shorter due to liver |
Right lung |
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a serous membrane (the pleura) lines the thoracic wall& adheres to the lungs |
The pleural Cavity |
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lines the lung surface |
visceral pleura |
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lines the walls of the rib-cage & superior surface of diaphragm |
parietal pleura |
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space between the lungs which contains pleural fluid which acts as a lubricant to reduce friction during breathing |
pleural cavity |
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the trachea branches into L/R main bronchi leading into hilum of each lung. |
bronchial tree |
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As the bronchi branch into smaller divisions they no longer have cartilage rings but |
overlapping cartilage plates |
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no cartilage smooth muscle dilate/constrict |
bronchioles |
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end of conducting division |
terminal bronchioles |
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beginning of resp. division thin walled alveoli budding off gas exchange |
respiratory bronchioles |
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resp. bronchioles |
alveolar ducts |
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alveolar ducts |
alveolar sacs |
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a pouch .2-.5 cm in diameter each lung has around 150 million provides a large surface area for gas exchange |
alveolus |
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very thin cells which allow for rapid diffusion of gases between blood and lung |
squamous alveolar cells |
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secrete pulmonary surfacton prevents walls from sticking together |
great alveolar cells |
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wander lumen & phagocytize dust and pathogens the most numerous 100 million perish every day as they ride up the mc escelator |
alveolar macrophages |
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Each alveolus is covered with a web of blood capillaries here gases are exchanged across a very thin |
respiratory membrane |
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consist of: 1. squamous alveolar cell 2. squamous endothelial cell 3. thin shared basement membrane |
respiratory membrane |
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pulmonary ventilation |
breathing |
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respiratory cycle |
1 inspiration & 1 exhalation |
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primary mover or agonist in breathing |
the diaphragm |
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this structure at rest is concave and sits up against the base of the lungs |
the diaphragm |
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when contracted it flattens out, reducting internal thoracic pressure
accounts for 2/3 of pulmonary airflow |
the diaphragm |
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this synergist or helper pulls the ribs upward and outward this increasng the chest diameter |
external intercostal muscles |
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a passive process |
expiration |
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this requires the rectus abdominus and internal intercostals to pull down on the ribs while the transverse abdominus contracts forcing the abdominal viscera upwards towards the diaphragm |
forced expiration abdominal breathing |
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issue with pulmonary compliance or the ability of the lungs to expand caused by scar tissue build up on the elastic tissue
ex. tuberculosis, black lung disease |
Restrictive disorders |
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Interference with airflow.
ex. asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis |
obstuctive disorders |
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breathing is automatic. Mainly controlled by respiratory centers in the |
medulla oblongata & the pons |
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the principle pacemaker for breathing is the |
VRG or Ventral Respiratory Group |
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the pons & medulla receive input that can influence |
note & depth |
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voluntarily alters breathing. speaking, singing and swimming |
cerebrum |
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fear, stress etc. crying, laughing |
hypothalamus & lympic system |
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78.6% |
nitrogen |
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20.9% |
oxygen |
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.04% |
carbon dioxide |
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refers to the loading of O2 unloading of CO2 in the pulmonary alveoli |
alveolar gas exchange |
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Main action of alveolar gas exchange is this through the respiratory membrane |
diffusion |
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O2 and CO2 each have their own concentration gradient, independat of each other |
they do not compete |
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carbon monoxide does compete with this for binding sites |
oxygen |
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Refers to the manner in which blood carries O2 and CO2 Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin molecule of the RBC. |
Gas Transport |
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hemoglobin with bound oxygen |
oxyhemoglobin |
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There are 4 home groups to a hemoglobbin molecule. Each heme group can bind one O2 molecule thus |
1 hemoglobin molecule can carry/bind up to 4-O2 molecules. |
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Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin thus |
hemoglobin can transport both gases simultaneously |
