A&p Chapter 11 Blood

Front 1

Functions of Blood

Back 1

•Transportof gases, nutrients and waste products

•Transportof processed molecules

•Transportof regulatory molecules

•Regulationof pH and osmosis

•Maintenanceof body temperature

•Protectionagainst foreign substances

•Clotformation

Front 2

Characteristics of Blood

Back 2

•Typeof connective tissue

•Sticky

•Heavierthan water

•O2content determines color

•Temp.slightly higher than rest of body

•Males(5-6 L), females (4-5 L)

Front 3

Composition of Blood

Back 3

Plasma

Formed Elements

Front 4

Plasma

Back 4

- 55% of total blood

- pale,yellow liquid that surrounds cells

- 91%water, 7% proteins, and 2% other

Front 5

FormedElements

Back 5

- 45% of total blood

- cellsand cell fragments

- erythrocytes,leukocytes, thrombocytes

Front 6

Plasma Proteins

Back 6

•Albumin:

- 58%of plasma proteins

- helpsmaintain water balance

•Globulins:

- 38%of plasma proteins

- helpsimmune system

•Fibrinogen:

- 4% ofplasma proteins

- aidsin clot formation

Front 7

Erythrocytes

Back 7

•Redblood cells (RBC)

•Disk-shapedwith thick edges

•Nucleusis lost during development

•Livefor 120 days

•Function: transport O2 to tissues

Front 8

Hemoglobin

Back 8

•Maincomponent of erythrocytes

•TransportsO2

•Eachglobin protein is attached to a hememolecule

•Each hemecontains one iron atom

•O2binds to iron

•Oxyhemoglobin:

-hemoglobinwith an O2attached

Front 9

Production of Erythrocytes

Back 9

1.Decreasedblood O2levels cause kidneys to increase production of erythropoietin.

2.Erythropoietinstimulates red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes.

3.Increasederythrocytes cause an increase in blood O2levels.

Front 10

Fate of Old Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin

Back 10

•Old rbc’s areremoved from blood by macrophages in spleen and liver

•Hemoglobinis broken down

•Globinis broken down into amino acids

•Hemoglobin’siron is recycled

•Heme isconverted to bilirubin

•Bilirubinis taken up by liver and released into small intestine as part of bile

Front 11

Hemoglobin breakdown

Back 11

Front 12

Leukocytes

Back 12

•Whiteblood cells (WBC)

•Lackhemoglobin

•Largerthan erythrocytes

•Containa nucleus

•Functions:

- fightinfections

- remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis

Front 13

Types of Leukocytes

Back 13

•Granulocytes: containgranules

1. Neutrophils

2. Eosinophils

3. Basophils

•Agranulocytes: nogranules

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes:

Front 14

Neutrophils

Back 14

- most common

- remain in blood for 10-12 hours then move to tissues

- phagocytes

Front 15

Eosinophils

Back 15

reduceinflammation

Front 16

Basophils

Back 16

- least common

- releasehistamine and heparin

Front 17

Monocytes

Back 17

- largest

- produce macrophages

Front 18

Lymphocytes

Back 18

- immuneresponse

- several different types (T cells and B cells)

- leadto production of antibodies

Front 19

Platelets

Back 19

- bloodclotting cells

- produced in red bone marrow

Front 20

Hematopoiesis

Back 20

•processof blood cell formation

•In aninfant, occurs in liver, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bonemarrow.

•Adultsoccurs mainly in red bone marrow.

•Stemcell: originalcell line

Front 21

Blood Loss

Back 21

•Whenblood vessels are damaged, blood can leak into other tissues and disrupt normalfunction.

•Bloodthat is lost must be replaced by production of new blood or by a transfusion.

Front 22

Preventing Blood Loss

Back 22

1.Vascularspasm

: temporaryconstriction of blood vessel

2.Plateletplugs

: canseal up small breaks in blood vessels

3.Bloodclotting (coagulation)

Front 23

Blood Clotting

Back 23

•Bloodcan be transformed from a liquid to a gel

•Clot:

- networkof thread-like proteins called fibrin that trap blood cells and fluid

- depends on clotting factors

•Clottingfactors:

- proteinsin plasma

- onlyactivated following injury

- madein liver

- require vitamin K

Front 24

platelet adhesion occurs ?

Back 24

1. platelet adhesion occurs when von Willebrand factor connects collagen and platelets

2. during the platelet release reaction, ADP, thromboxanes, and other chemicals are released and activate other platelets

3. platelet aggregation occurs when fibrinogen receptors on activated platelets bind to fibrinogen, connecting the platelets bind to fibrinogen, connecting the platelets to one another. the accumulating mass of platelets forms a platelet plug.

Front 25

Steps in Clot Formation

Back 25

1.Injuryto a blood vessel causes inactive clotting factors to become activated due toexposed conn. tissue or release of thromboplastin

2.Prothrombinase(clottingfactor) is formed and acts upon prothrombin

3.Prothrombinisswitched to its active form thrombin

4.Thrombinactivatesfibrinogen intoits active form fibrin

5.Fibrinformsa network that traps blood (clots)

Front 26

Control of Clot Formation

Back 26

•Clotsneed to be controlled so they don’t spread throughout the body

•Anticoagulants:

- preventclots from forming

- Ex. Heparin and antithrombin

•Injurycauses enough clotting factors to be activated that anticoagulants can’t workin that particular area of the body

Front 27

Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis

Back 27

•Clotretraction:

- condensingof clot

- serumin plasma is squeezed out of clot

- helpsenhance healing

•Fibrinolysis:

- process of dissolving clot

- plasminogen(plasma protein) breaks down clot (fibrin)

Front 28

Blood Reactions

Back 28

•Injuryor surgery can lead to a blood transfusion

•Transfusionreactions/Aggulination: clumpingof blood cells (bad)

•Antigens: moleculeson surface of erythrocytes

•Antibodies: proteinsin plasma

•Bloodgroups: namedaccording to antigen (ABO)

Front 29

blood

Back 29

•O areuniversal donors because they have no antigens

•TypeA can receive A and O blood

•TypeB can receive B and O blood

•TypeAB can receive A, B, AB blood

•TypeO can only receive O blood

Front 30

Rh Blood Group

Back 30

•Rhpositive means you have Rh antigens

•95-85%of the population is Rh+

•Antibodiesonly develop if an Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ blood by transfusion or frommother to fetus

Front 31

Example of Rh Reaction

Back 31

•Ifmother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+ the mother can be exposed to Rh+ blood if fetalblood leaks through placenta and mixes with mother’s blood.

•First timethis occurs mother’s blood produces antibodies against antigens.

•Anyrepeated mixing of blood causes a reaction.

Front 32

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

Back 32

•Whatis it?

- occurs when mother produces anti-Rh

antibodies that cross placenta andagglutination and hemolysis of fetal erythrocytesoccurs

- canbe fatal to fetus

- prevented if mother is treated with RhoGAM which contains antibodies against Rhantigens

Front 33

Diagnostic Blood Tests

Back 33

•Completeblood count: provides information such as RBC count,hemoglobin, hematocrit, and WBC count

•Hematocrit:

% oftotal blood volume composed of RBC

•Hemoglobin:

- determinesamount of hemoglobin

- indicate anemia

•Prothrombintime: timeit takes for blood to begin clotting (9-12 sec.)

•Whiteblood cell count: total number of wbc

•Whiteblood cell differential count:

- Determines the % of each 5 kinds of leukocytes - neutrophils: 60-70%

- lymphocytes: 20-25%

- monocytes: 3-8%

- eosinophils: 2-4%

- basophils: 0.5-1%

Front 34

White Blood Cell Disorders

Back 34

Leukopenia

Leukocytosis

Front 35

•Leukopenia

Back 35

- low wbc count

- caused by radiation, chemotherapy drugs, tumors, viral infections

Front 36

Leukocytosis

Back 36

- high wbc count

- caused by infections and leukemia