A&p Chapter 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The study of the function of the body.

Front 3

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

Back 3

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.

Front 4

Divisions of gross anatomy

Back 4

Regional - structures studied in a particular region
Systemic - body stucture is studied system by system.
Surface - study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Front 5

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 5

The study of anatomical structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Front 6

Subdivisions of Microscopic Anatomy

Back 6

Cytology
Histology

Front 7

Cytology

Back 7

study of the cells of the body.

Front 8

Histology

Back 8

The study of tissues.

Front 9

Developmental Anatomy

Back 9

Traces structure changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. eg. Embryology - concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

Front 10

Divisions of Anatomy

Back 10

Gross, or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental

Front 11

Give some examples of physiology subdivisions

Back 11

Renal physiology - concerns kidney funtion and urine production.
Neurophysiology - concerns the nervous system.
Cardiovascular Physiology - examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

Front 12

Physiology often concerns events at what level?

Back 12

Cellular or molecular

Front 13

Principle of complementarity of structure and function is what?

Back 13

What a structure can do depends on its specific form.

Front 14

What are the levels of organization in the body from simplest to most complex?

Back 14

Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism

Front 15

Cells

Back 15

The smallest units of living things

Front 16

Tissues

Back 16

Groups of similar cells that have a common function.

Front 17

What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?

Back 17

Epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous.

Front 18

Epithelium

Back 18

Covers the body surface and lines its cavities.

Front 19

Muscle Tissue

Back 19

provides movement

Front 20

Connective Tissue

Back 20

Supports and protects body organs.

Front 21

Nervous Tissue

Back 21

Provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.

Front 22

Organ

Back 22

A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function in the body.

Front 23

Organ System

Back 23

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose.

Front 24

Organismal Level

Back 24

The sum total of all structure levels working together to promote life.

Front 25

Name eight necessary life functions

Back 25

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness (or irritability), digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

Front 26

Contractility

Back 26

On the cellular level, the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening.

Front 27

Responsiveness (or irritability)

Back 27

The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the envrionment and then respond to them.

Front 28

Which system is most involved with responsiveness?

Back 28

Nerve cells...although all body cells are irritable to some extent.

Front 29

Digestion

Back 29

The breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Front 30

Metabolism

Back 30

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. Literally means "a state of change"

Front 31

Catabolism

Back 31

breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks.

Front 32

Anabolism

Back 32

synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances.

Front 33

Metabolism depends on which three systems?

Back 33

digestive and respiratory to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood, and on the cardiovascular system to distribute these substances throughout the body.

Front 34

What largely regulates metabolism?

Back 34

Hormones secreted by the endocrine glands.

Front 35

Name the components of the integumentary system and state its function

Back 35

Hair, skin, nails.
forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues, sythesizes vitamin D, site of cutaneous receptors, sweat and oil glands.

Front 36

Name the components of the skeletal system and state its functions

Back 36

Bones
Potects and supports body organs, provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones, stores minerals.

Front 37

Name the components of the Muscular system and state its functions

Back 37

muscles
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expressions, maintains posture, produces heat

Front 38

Name the components of the nervous system and state its functions

Back 38

Brain, sensory receptors, nerves, spinal cord
Fast acting control center of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands.

Front 39

Name the components of the endocrine system and state its functions

Back 39

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by the body cells.

Front 40

Name the components of the cardiovascular system and state its functions

Back 40

blood vessels, heart
blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Front 41

Name the components of the lymphatic/immunity system and state its functions

Back 41

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes.
picks up fluid leaked from the blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells

Front 42

Name the components of the respiratory system and state its functions

Back 42

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Front 43

Name the components of the digestive system and state its functions

Back 43

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Front 44

Name the components of the urinary system and state its functions

Back 44

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

Front 45

Name the components of the male reproductive system and state its functions

Back 45

prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
produce sperm and male sex hormone, ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm.

Front 46

Name the components of the female reproductive system and state its functions

Back 46

mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina.
produce eggs and female sex hormones. sites of fertilization and development of fetus.

Front 47

Excretion

Back 47

the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body.

Front 48

Growth

Back 48

an increase in the size of a body part or the organism

Front 49

What needs to happen for true growth to occur?

Back 49

constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones.

Front 50

What factors, or survival needs, must be present to maintain life?

Back 50

Nutrients
Oxygen
water
appropriate temperature
appropriate atmospheric pressure

Front 51

Homeostasis

Back 51

the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

Front 52

What are the three interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms

Back 52

recepter, control center, effector.

Front 53

receptor

Back 53

a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending information (input) to the control center along an afferent pathway.

Front 54

Control Center

Back 54

determines the set point, analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response.

Front 55

Effector

Back 55

receives the control center's response (output) via the efferent pathway and then feeds back to influence the simulus.

Front 56

Negative feedback mechanism

Back 56

the output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

Front 57

Positive feedback mechanism

Back 57

A response that enhances the original stimulus so that the activity (output) is accelerated.

Front 58

Where is the body's thermostat?

Back 58

hypothalamus

Front 59

What is the purpose of negative feedback mechanisms?

Back 59

preventing sudden severe changes in the body.

Front 60

axial region

Back 60

the parts that make up the main axis of the body. Includes the head, neck and trunk

Front 61

appendicular region

Back 61

consists of the appendages, or limbs

Front 62

sagittal plane

Back 62

a vertical plane dividing the body or parts thereof into right and left sections

Front 63

median or midsagittal plane

Back 63

a vertical plane that lies exactly in the midline.

Front 64

parasagittal plane

Back 64

vertical planes offset from the midline but separating the body into right and left parts.

Front 65

Frontal or coronal plane

Back 65

a vertical plane separating the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Front 66

transverse plane

Back 66

a plane that runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. Also called a cross section

Front 67

name the two major body cavitites

Back 67

Dorsal, ventral

Front 68

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

Back 68

Cranial and vertebral (or spinal)

Front 69

What are the two major subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

Back 69

thoracic and abdominopelvic

Front 70

The ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively called what?

Back 70

the viscera, or visceral organs

Front 71

What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

Back 71

lateral pleural cavities and the mediastinum

Front 72

What cavity does the mediastinum contain?

Back 72

pericardial

Front 73

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 73

the diaphragm

Front 74

What are the two parts of the admominopelvic cavity?

Back 74

The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

Front 75

What organs are the most vulnerable to physical trauma?

Back 75

the ones in the abdominopelvic cavities

Front 76

What is the serosa or serous membrane?

Back 76

The thin double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs contained within.

Front 77

parietal serosa

Back 77

the part of the serosa lining the wall of the ventral body cavity

Front 78

visceral serosa

Back 78

the part of the serosa that coveres the organs in the ventral body cavity

Front 79

What separates the parietal serosa from the visceral serosa?

Back 79

serous fluid.

Front 80

What is the function of the serous fluid?

Back 80

to allow organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another.

Front 81

parietal pericardium

Back 81

the serous membrane lining the paricardial cavity

Front 82

visceral pericardium

Back 82

the serous membrane covering the heart.

Front 83

parietal pleura

Back 83

the serous membrane lining the plerual cavity

Front 84

visceral pleura

Back 84

the serous membrane covering the lungs

Front 85

parietal peritoneum

Back 85

the serous membrane covering the walls of the abdonimopelvic cavity

Front 86

visceral peritoneum

Back 86

the serous membrane covers most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 87

umbilical region

Back 87

centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus

Front 88

epigastric region

Back 88

located superior to the umbilical region

Front 89

hypogastric region

Back 89

located inferior to the umbilical region

Front 90

right/left iliac, or inguinal region

Back 90

located lateral to the hypogastric region

Front 91

right/left lumbar regions

Back 91

lateral to the umbilical region

Front 92

right/left hypochondriac regions

Back 92

lateral to the epigastric region

Front 93

synovial cavities

Back 93

joint cavities enclosed within fibrous caspules that surround freely moving joints. They secrete lubricating fluid.