A&p Ch.2 Molecules

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forms of matter composed of

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elements

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chemical elements

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Can't be split up by natural means

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chemical symbols

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Oxygen (o)
carbon (c)
hydrogen (h)
calcium (ca)
phosphorus (p)

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inorganic compound

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lack carbon, simple molecules

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organic compound

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Always contain carbon and hydrogen, usually oxygen

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organic compounds

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Don't dissolve easily in water (useful for building body structures), held together by covalent bonds, decompose easily, good source of energy, some macromolecules

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organic macromolecules

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nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
proteins (regulate, building blocks)
lipids ( cell membrane & wall)
carbohydrates (energy)

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monomers

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basic building blocks of macromolecules, nucleotide (makes up DNA)

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid, molecule of heredity

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RNA

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ribonucleic acid, many nucleotides Form a polymer, each nucleotide consists of :base ribose sugar and phosphate, plays role in translation if genetic info from DNA proteins

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discovery of DNA structure

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1953- Roslind Franklin (double helix)
Watson & Crick (structure and model)

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DNA Structure

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Each nucleotide consists of 3 parts: nitrogen base, penthouse sugar, phosphate group

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polymer

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DNA

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4 nitrogenous bases

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Adenine (A), guanine (g), cytosine (c), thyme (t)

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DNA molecule

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46 chromosomes (46 DNA molecules per cell), bases differ to make DNA different, 2 strands parallel, 3 nucleotides code a protein

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Erin Chargoff

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1949- specific base pairing, amount of A always equals amount of t, ( g =c), each helix is equal length, sugar - phosphate backbone is smooth, human DNA (30% a and t, 20% c and g)

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sugar phosphate backbone

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Always the same, only supports, on outside and 4 bases on the inside, uniqueness from combination of bases

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Single strand of DNA

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RNA

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mRNA

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Messenger, carries info from DNA to ribosome

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rRNA

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Form vital portions of structure of ribosomes

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tRNA

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essential carrier molecules for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis

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difference in RNA bases

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uracil (U) instead of thymine (t), RNA transcribed from DNA by enzyme called RNA polymerases

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gene

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segment of DNA that contains the info necessary to produce a protein

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gene sequence

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unique sequence of nucleotides in a gene

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proteins

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complete biological molecule, essential, in every biological process, macromolecules made of amino acids(arranged in a chain and join into peptides by peptide bonds), building blocks

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amino acids

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sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by a corresponding gene, building blocks of proteins, essential to diet, of 20, 9 are essential

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protein functions

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enzymes that catalyze reactions and vital to metabolism, maintain cell shape(cell membrane), cell signaling, immune response, cell adhesion, DNA replication, cell cycle/ division

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peptide

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a short amino acid oligomer lacking a stable 3D structure

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polypeptide

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Can refer to any single linear chain of amino acids

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folding of a chain of amino acids

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occurs spontaneously, creates a protein, 3 levels: primary (polypeptide chain), secondary (starts to fold), tertiary (complete, 3D), Quarternary (multiple polypeptides)

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primary structure

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unique sequence of amino acids, determined by genes

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secondary structure

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results from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along polypeptide backbone. shapes: coils (alpha helix) or folds (beta pleated sheets)

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tertiary structure

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interactions: hydrogen bonds among polar(charged) areas, ionic bonds between charged groups

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Quarternary structure

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multiple polypeptides, eg: collagen (3 polypeptides, coiled like rope), hemoglobin (2 copies and 2 kinds of polypeptides (4))

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lipids

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Don't dissolve in water, hydrophobic, large areas w/ non polar bonds, not polymers made of monomers

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4 groups of lipids

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phospholipids, fats, waxes, steroids

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phospholipids

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cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer), hydrophilic heads (polar), hydrophobic tails(non polar)

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plasma membrane

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also glycolipids and cholesterol, flexible, sturdy barrier, traffic of molecules (selectively permeable)

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carbohydrates

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fuel and building materials, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1) (CH2O)

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polysaccharides

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complex carbs, polymers of many monosacchrides joined by glycosidic bonds, large macromolecules, glycogen( glucose, stored)

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monosaccharides

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simplest carbs, fuel an carbon sources, glucose, energy

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dissaccharides

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sugars, 2 monosaccharides joined w/ glycosidic linkage: maltose (2 glucose molecules), sucrose (glucose and fructose)

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roles of carbs

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Long term storage of chemical energy, part of backbone of DNA and RNA, role in cell-cell iteractions