A&p Ch 17

Front 1

3 Types of cells of the Olfactory Epithelium

Back 1

Olfactory Receptors, Supporting Cells, and Basal Stem cells.

Front 2

The first order neurons of the Olfactory Pathway, Bipolar neuron.

Back 2

Olfactory Receptor

Front 3

Cilia that project from the dendrite, and the sites of olfactory transduction

Back 3

Olfactory Hairs

Front 4

Columnar epthelial cells of the mucous membrane lining the nose. They provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the olfactory receptors.

Back 4

Supporting Cells

Front 5

Lie between the bases of the supporting cells and continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptors, which live for only a month of so before getting replaced.

Back 5

Basal stem cell

Front 6

Produce mucous that is carried to the surface of the epithelium by ducts.

Back 6

Olfactory (Bowman's) Gland

Front 7

Physiology of Olfaction

Back 7

1. Production of cAMP
2. Opening of Na ion channel
3. Inflow of Na
4. Depolarizing generator potential
5. Nerve impulses arise and propagate along axon of olfactory receptor.

Front 8

DEcreasing sensativeity, about 50% in the first second of stimulatin of olfaction

Back 8

Adaptation

Front 9

Reduced ability to smell, affects half of those over 65 and 75% over 80.

Back 9

Hyposmia

Front 10

40 bundeles of axons collectively form the right and left olfactory nerves

Back 10

Cranial nerve I

Front 11

Primary tastes

Back 11

Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Salty, and Umami

Front 12

Location of taste buds

Back 12

Tounge, soft palate, pharynx, and Epiglottis.

Front 13

3 Types of Epithelial cells of the taste bud.

Back 13

Supporting Cells, Gustatory Receptor Cells, and Basal Cells

Front 14

Found at the periphery of the tase bud near the connective tissue layer, produce supporting cells.

Back 14

Basal Cell

Front 15

Developed from supporting cells with a lifespan of about 10 days. Synapse with dendrites of the First-order neurons that form the first part of the gustatory pathway

Back 15

Gustatory Receptor Cells

Front 16

Provide a rough texture, and the location of the taste buds.

Back 16

Papillae

Front 17

Types of Papillae

Back 17

Vallate Papillae, Fungiform Papillae, Foliate Papillae.

Front 18

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells.

Back 18

Tastants

Front 19

The three cranial nerves that include axons of first order neurons from taste buds.

Back 19

Facial Nerve (VII), Glossoparyngeal nerve (IX), and Vagus Nerve (X).

Front 20

The 3 structures of the wall of the eyeball.

Back 20

Fibrous Tunic, Cascular Tunic, and Retina.

Front 21

Superficial avascular coat of the eyeball, consists of the anterior cornea and posterior sclera.

Back 21

Fibrous Tunic

Front 22

Transparent coat that covers the colored Iris.

Back 22

Cornea

Front 23

The 3 layers of the Cornea

Back 23

Outer: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Middle: collagen fibers and fibroblasts.
Inner: simple squamous epithelium.

Front 24

The white of the eye, a layer of dense connectie tissue made up of collagen fibers and fibroblast. Gives the eye shape.

Back 24

Sclera

Front 25

The junction of the sclera and cornea, secretes a fluid called aqueous humor into the sinus.

Back 25

Scleral venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm)

Front 26

3 parts of the vascular tunic.

Back 26

Charoid, Ciliary body, and Iris

Front 27

Highly vascularized posterior portion of the vascular tunic, lines most of the internal surface of the sclera. It provides nutrients to the posterior surface of the retina.

Back 27

Charoid

Front 28

The anterior portion of the vascular tunic

Back 28

Ciliary Body

Front 29

Protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body. They contain blood capilaries that secrete aqueous humor.

Back 29

Ciliary Processes

Front 30

Extend from the ciliary process and attach to the lens.

Back 30

Zonular Fibers (Suspensory Ligaments)

Front 31

Circular band of smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens, adapting it for near or far vision.

Back 31

Ciliary Muscle

Front 32

Regulates the amount of light entering the vitreous chamber fo the eyeball through the pupil.

Back 32

Iris

Front 33

When bright light stimulates the eye, parasympathetic neurons stimulate this muscle of the iris to contract, causing the pupil to constrict.

Back 33

Circular Muscles (Sphincter Pupillae)

Front 34

Muscles that cause the Iris to recede, and the pupil to dialate.

Back 34

Radial Muscles (Dilator Pupillae)

Front 35

Third and inner coat of the eyeball

Back 35

Retina

Front 36

Site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball.

Back 36

Optic Disc

Front 37

Layers of the optic part of the Retina.

Back 37

Pigmented Layer and Neural Layer

Front 38

Sheet of melanin containing epithelial cells located between the charoid and the neural part of the retina.

Back 38

Pigmented Layer

Front 39

Absorbs stray light rays, which prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eyeball.

Back 39

Melanin in the charoid and in the Pigmented layer.

Front 40

Multilayered outgrowth of the brain that extensively processes visual data before sending nerve impulses into axons that from the optic nerve.

Back 40

Neural Layer

Front 41

3 Layers or retinal neurons

Back 41

Photoreceptor layer, bipolar layer, and Ganglion Cell Layer.

Front 42

These cells form lateraly directed neural circuits that modify the signals being ransmitted along the pathway from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells.

Back 42

Horizontal Cells and Amacrine Cells.

Front 43

Low light threshold, allowing us to see in dim light, such as moonlight.

Back 43

Rods

Front 44

Stimulated by brighter light, and has a higher threshold and produce color vision.

Back 44

Cones

Front 45

Exact center of the posterior portion of the retina, at the visualaxis of the eye.

Back 45

Macula Lutea

Front 46

Area of highes visual acuity or resolution. Small depression near the center of the macula lutea, contains only cones.

Back 46

Central Fovea

Front 47

The optic disc contains no rods or cones, so it is also known as

Back 47

Blind Spot

Front 48

Helps focus images on teh retina to facilitate clear vison. Made up of protiens called crystallins, perfectly transparent and lacks blood vessels.

Back 48

Lens

Front 49

The lens divides the interior of the eyeball into two cavities.

Back 49

Anterior Cavity and Vitreous Chamber

Front 50

A watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea.

Back 50

Aqueous Humor

Front 51

Pressure in the eye, produced mainly by the aqueous humor and partly by vitrous body. Maintains the shape of the eyeball and prevents the eyeball from collapsing.

Back 51

Intraocular Pressure

Front 52

Degenerative disorder of the retina and pigmented layer in persons 50 years of age and older.

Back 52

Age-related macular disease (AMD)

Front 53

Increase in curvature of the lens of the lens for near vision.

Back 53

Accomodation

Front 54

Where 75% of the total refraction of light occurs.

Back 54

Cornea

Front 55

Provides the remaining 25% of focusing power and also changes the focus to view near or distant objects.

Back 55

Lens

Front 56

Light rays any closer than this distance are divergent rather than parallel, so they must be refracted more if they are to be focused on the retina.

Back 56

6m or 20ft

Front 57

With aging, the lens loses elasticity and thus its ability to accomodate.

Back 57

Presbyopia

Front 58

A normal eye is known as

Back 58

Emetropic

Front 59

The eyeball is too long relative to the focussing power of the cornea adn lens, Nearsightedness.

Back 59

Myopia

Front 60

The eyeball length is short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens, Farsightedness

Back 60

Hypermetropia/Hypermyopia

Front 61

Both eyes focus on only one set of objects. Allows perception of depth andan appreciaton of the 3D nature of objects.

Back 61

Binocular Vision

Front 62

Binocular vision occurs when

Back 62

Light rays from an dobject strike corresponding points on the two retinas.

Front 63

Medial movement of both eyeballs so that both are directed toward the object being viewed.

Back 63

Convergence

Front 64

In rods and cones, transduction of light energy occurs in the

Back 64

Outer Segment

Front 65

The first step in visual transduction is absorption of light by a

Back 65

Photopigent

Front 66

Light absorption initiates the events that lead to the production of a

Back 66

Receptor Potential

Front 67

The photopigments in rods

Back 67

Rhodopsin

Front 68

2 Parts of photopigments associated with vision

Back 68

the glycoprotein Opsin and the vitamin A dirivative retinal

Front 69

The light absorbing part of all visual photopigments

Back 69

Retinal

Front 70

Photopigments respond to light in the following cyclical process

Back 70

1. Isomerization
2. Bleaching
3. Retinal Isomerase
4. Regeneration

Front 71

The frequency of a sound vibration is the

Back 71

Pitch

Front 72

The louder the sound is the higher the

Back 72

Intensity

Front 73

The production of receptor potentials in the ear is caused by a bending of the

Back 73

Stereocilia

Front 74

to close transduction channels, allow repolarization or even hyperpolarization to occur, and reduce neurotransmitter release from the hair cells.

Back 74

Bending of the stereocilia in the opposite direction

Front 75

Inaudible sound produced by the cochlea

Back 75

Otoacoustic Emissions

Front 76

Receptor organs for equilibrium

Back 76

Saccule, Utricle, and Semicircular ducts

Front 77

Receptors for static equilibrium, also detect acceleration and deceleration in dynamic equilibrium

Back 77

Maculae

Front 78

Two types of cells of Maculae

Back 78

Supporting cells (Sensory receptors) and hair bundles