A+P Cards

Front 1

Hyperplasia

Back 1

Excessive growth of normal cells

Front 2

Iatrogenic

Back 2

Complication of treatment (Iatro = provider, genic= to produce)

Front 3

Idiopathic

Back 3

unkown cause

Front 4

Lesion

Back 4

alteration of structure or response

Front 5

Necrosis

Back 5

Death of cells, tissue or organs

Front 6

Neoplasia

Back 6

Growth of new and abnormal tissue (Cancer)

Front 7

Nosocomial

Back 7

In the hospital (eg. infectioncaught there)

Front 8

Syndrome

Back 8

linked group of findings, signs, etc.

Front 9

Upper Respitory Infection

Back 9

URI, most common acute illness

Front 10

Chronic sinusitis

Back 10

Most common chronic disease

Front 11

Heart disease

Back 11

Leading cause of death in the US

Front 12

Integumentary system

Back 12

Epidermis, Dermis (Both comprise cutaneous membrane)
Hairs (Follicles)
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Nails
Sensory receptors
Subcutaneous layer (lipids which attach to the rest of your body)

Front 13

Skeletal system

Back 13

Axial skeleton (Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, cartilages and ligaments)
Appendicular skeleton (Limbs and supporting cartilages and ligaments)
Bone marrow

Front 14

Muscular system

Back 14

Skeletal muscles (700)
Axial muscles
Appendicular muscles
Tendons

Front 15

Nervous system

Back 15

Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system

Front 16

Endocrine system

Back 16

Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Kidneys
Pancreas
Gonads (Testes or Ovaries)

Front 17

Cardiovascular system

Back 17

Heart
Blood vessels:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Blood

Front 18

Lymphatic system

Back 18

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus

Front 19

Respitory system

Back 19

Nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Aveoli

Front 20

Digestive system

Back 20

Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Large intestine

Front 21

Urinary system

Back 21

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Front 22

Male reproductive system

Back 22

Testes
Accessory organs:
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum

Front 23

Female reproductive system

Back 23

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Clitoris
Labia
Mammary glands

Front 24

Inorganic compounds

Back 24

Salt(electorlytes), Water, C02, O2, Acids, Bases

Front 25

Organic: Carbohydrates

Back 25

CHO 1:2:1, Monosaccharides (Glucose, fructose), Disaccharides (Sucrose, lactose, maltose), Polysaccharides (Glycogen)

Front 26

Organic: Lipids

Back 26

CHOPNS in other ratios, Triglycerides (3 fatty acids w/ glycerol) saturated, or unsaturated.
Cholesterol- steroids
Phospholipids-form cell walls

Front 27

Organic: Proteins

Back 27

CHONS, Peptides composed amino acids w/peptide bonds

Front 28

Organic: Nucleic acid

Back 28

CHONP, RNA and DNA composed of necleotides

Front 29

Organic: High energy compounds

Back 29

CHONP, ATP composed of a nucleotide and phosphate group.

Front 30

Why is water the most important compound in the body?

Back 30

Excellant solvent, high heat capacity, and participates in metabolic reactions of the body

Front 31

What are Enzymes?

Back 31

Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions in the body

Front 32

Describe DNA

Back 32

Chain of nucleotides each one containing a sugar(deoxyribose), a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base: Adenine+Thymine and Cytosine+Guanine held together by hydrogen bonds.

Front 33

Describe RNA

Back 33

Chain of nucleotides each one containing a sugar(Ribose), a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base: Adenine+Uracil and Cytosine+Guanine held together by hydrogen bonds.

Front 34

Cell theory

Back 34

1. Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
2. Cells are the smallest functioning units of life
3. Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells
4. Each cell maintains homeostasis

Front 35

Function of cell membrane

Back 35

1. Physical isolation 2. Controls exchange of materials with cell walls surroundings 3. Sensitivity 4. Structural support

Front 36

Function of membrane proteins

Back 36

Receptors, Channels, Carriers, Enzymes, Anchors, Identifiers

Front 37

Function of membrane carbohydrates

Back 37

Cell lubricant and adhesive, receptors, recognition system

Front 38

Protein synthesis

Back 38

Transcription: Producing RNA from a single strand of DNA in the nucleus
Translation: assembly of protein by ribosomes using the RNA in the cytoplasm.

Front 39

Mitosis

Back 39

PMAT

Front 40

Categories of info useful in describing disease

Back 40

Symptoms, signs, lab abnormalities

Front 41

Structural (organic)

Back 41

Structural (Organic) presents recognizable changes,
!. Genetic and developmental diseases
2. Acquired injury and inflamation disease
3. Hyperplasias and neoplasms

Front 42

functional (Inorganic)

Back 42

Functional (Inorganic) presents no observable structural changes,

Front 43

Six major causes of internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) disease

Back 43

Exo: Physical injury, microbiologic, chemical
Endo: Vascular, immunologic, metabolic

Front 44

Disease strategies

Back 44

Symptomatic: SOAP
Asymptomatic: Screenings, incidental findings, then SOAP

Front 45

Protein categories

Back 45

structural, contractile, transport, buffering, metabolic, enzymes, hormones, defense. 20 amino acids.

Front 46

Four tissue types

Back 46

Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

Front 47

Epithelial tissue

Back 47

Cover exposed surfaces, line internal passageways, produce secretions

Front 48

Connective tissue

Back 48

Fill spaces, structural support, store energy

Front 49

Muscle tissue

Back 49

Contracts to produce movement

Front 50

Neural tissue

Back 50

Conducts electrical impulses, carries information

Front 51

Types and functions of epithelial cells

Back 51

Epithelia, glands (avascular)

Front 52

Characteristics of epithelia

Back 52

1. Bound closely together
2. Free surface exposed
3. Attached by basement membrane
4. Avascular

Front 53

Functions of epithelia

Back 53

1. Provide physical protection
2. Control permeability
3. Sensation
4. Produce specialized secretions (Exocrine and Endocrine)

Front 54

Intercellular connections

Back 54

Tight junctions (Strongest, interlocking proteins) Gap junction (channel proteins for coms) Desmosome (thin intercellular cement and protein filaments, eg skin)

Front 55

Epithelia classification (layers, shapes)

Back 55

Simple, stratified/ Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Front 56

Squamous locations

Back 56

ventral body cavities, lining of heart and vessels, kidney tubules, cornea, exchange lining of lungs

Front 57

Cuboidal locations

Back 57

Glands, ducts, kydney tubules, thyroid gland

Front 58

Columnar locations

Back 58

Stomach and intestinal lining, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidneys

Front 59

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelea

Back 59

Lining of nasal cavity, bronchi, trachea, parts of male repro tract

Front 60

Transitional epithelea

Back 60

Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

Front 61

Stratified squamous epithelea

Back 61

Skin surface, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina

Front 62

Classification of exocrine glands (Mode, Type)

Back 62

(Mode) Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine/ (Type) Serous, Mucous, Mixed

Front 63

Connective tissue components

Back 63

Specialized cells (Blood, bone etc.), Protein fibers, Ground substance (GS + PF = matrix)

Front 64

Connective tissue functions

Back 64

1. Establish a structural framework
2. Transport fluids
3. Dissolve materials
4. Protect delicate organs
5. Support, surround, connect tissu
6. Store energy
7. Defend body

Front 65

Classify connective tissue

Back 65

Connective tissue proper (tendons, ligaments) Fluid connective tissue (Blood lymph) Supporting connective tissue (Bone, cartilage)

Front 66

Connective cell populations

Back 66

Fibroblast, macrophages, fat cells, mast cells

Front 67

Connective tissue proper, tissue fibers

Back 67

Collagen, Elastic(elastin), Reticular

Front 68

Connective tissue proper, ground substance

Back 68

Surrounds tissue fibers, clear, slows bacteria and other pathogens

Front 69

Connective tissue proper: loose and dense

Back 69

Loose(aeriolar, vascularity): beetween skin and muscles, digestive tract, around blood vessels, joints

Front 70

Connective tissue proper: Adipose

Back 70

Beneath skin esp. sides, butt, breast, around eyeballs and kidneys

Front 71

Connective tissue proper: Dense

Back 71

Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons) between bones (ligaments), covering muscles

Front 72

Fluid connective tissue types

Back 72

Blood and lymph (Specialized cells in a fluid matrix usually water) Ateries, capillaries, interstitial fluid and veins

Front 73

Blood contents

Back 73

RBC, WBC, platelets all in a watery mixture called plasma

Front 74

Lymph

Back 74

Forms as interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels which is monitored by the immune system and returned to the circulatory system

Front 75

Supporting connective tissue types

Back 75

carilage and bone

Front 76

Cartilage

Back 76

Avascular, firm gel matrix(lacunae) embedded with fibers and chondrocytes. Obtain nutrients via diffusion and is covered by the perichondrium (Inner layer of cells and outer layer of fibers)

Front 77

Types of cartilage

Back 77

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Front 78

Hyaline

Back 78

Bone and joints

Front 79

Elastic

Back 79

Ear and nose (flexible)

Front 80

Fibrocartilage

Back 80

intervertabral discs, knee, pelvis(pubis symphosis)

Front 81

Bone (Osseous tissue)

Back 81

Matrix of collagen fibers and calcium salts, with large vascular sites. Osteocytes depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrient intake. Surrounded by periosteum except in joint cavities (hyaline)

Front 82

How do epithelial and connective tissues combine to form four major types of membranes and the function of each?

Back 82

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial

Front 83

Mucous membranes (Mucosae)

Back 83

Line cavities like the GI and respitory to communicate with the exterior

Front 84

Serous membranes

Back 84

Line internal cavities and are delicate, moist and permeable (Ventral cavities: peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial)

Front 85

Cutaneous membrane

Back 85

Skin covers body surface. Unlike other membranes, it is relatively thick, waterproof, and usually dry.

Front 86

Synovial membrane

Back 86

Located at joints or articulations and produce synovial fluid to lubricate jont cavities. (Hyaline)

Front 87

Three types of muscle tissue and features of each type

Back 87

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue (contract with interaction of filament proteins: myosin and actin)

Front 88

Skeletal muscle tissue

Back 88

Large mutinucleated cells(muscle fibers) tied together by collagen and elastic fibers situated in striations. Skeletal muscles are striated voluntary muscles because we can control contraction through the CNS.

Front 89

Cardiac muscle tissue

Back 89

Found only in heart and contain intercalated discs. They are striated involuntary muscles.

Front 90

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 90

Found in walls of blood vessels, hollow organs and in layers around various tracts (like the GI) No striations= Nonstriated involuntary muscle.

Front 91

Basic structure and role of neural tissue.

Back 91

Conducts electrical impulses and relays information and is composed of neurons and neuroglia (The glue).

Front 92

Neuron contents

Back 92

Soma, dendrites, axon which ends in synapse.

Front 93

How tissue responds to maintain homeostasis

Back 93

Inflamation: isolates area, produces swelling, warmth, redness and pain (can be infection, swelling due to a pathogen) Regeneration: repair process by fibroblasts which produce a network of collagen fibers (scar tissue) Cardiac and neural dont regen.

Front 94

How aging affects tissue

Back 94

Degrades, cancer.

Front 95

Integumentary system

Back 95

Skin, hair, nails, various glands

Front 96

Integumentary components

Back 96

Cutaneous membrane (Epidermis and dermis), Accessory structures (Hair follicles, Sebaceous and sweat glands, nerves, vessels, connective tissue.) On top of subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis).

Front 97

Integumentary five functions

Back 97

1. Protection
2. Temperature maintenance
3. Nutrient storage (Fat in deeper dermis and D3)
4. Sensory reception
5. Excretion and secretion

Front 98

Epidermis

Back 98

Stratified squamous epithelium with 4 or 5 layers (palms and soles)

Front 99

Layers of epidermis

Back 99

Stratum: Corneum, lucidium, granulosum, spinosum, germinitavum

Can Lucys G'ma spit germs

Front 100

Stratum germinitavum

Back 100

Large rapidly dividing stem cells and melanocytes

Front 101

Stratum spinosum

Back 101

Daughter cells still dividing

Front 102

Stratum granulosum and lucidium

Back 102

Produce keratin, a tough anti oxident protein

Front 103

Stratum corneum

Back 103

Dense in keratin, cells are dead. 2-4 weeks to arrive, shed in 2 weeks.

Front 104

Basement membrane

Back 104

firmly attaches with papilla ridges to germinativum and spinosum and forms border between dermis and epidermis. No blood directly to epidermis but nutrients diffused through basement cells.

Front 105

Skin color of dermis

Back 105

Interaction between 1. pigment composition and concentration and 2. dermal blood supply.

Front 106

Pigmentation

Back 106

Variable quantities of carotene and melanin (brown, brown/yellow, or black)

Front 107

Melanocytes

Back 107

Manufacture and store melanin and inject it into cells of the sratum germinativum and spinosum. Protect stem cells from UV rads.Concentrated around nuclear envelope.

Front 108

UV rays

Back 108

Stimulate production of D3 later converted to calcitrol, a hormone used for calcium and phosphorous absorbtion from the small intestine. In SG and SS.

Front 109

Dermis

Back 109

Superficial papillary layer, and deeper reticular layer