Ap Biology Evolution Test

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Jean Baptist de Lamarck

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Had rival theory to Darwin which said that evolution occurred via inheritance of acquired characteristics. (Ie: Giraffes stretched their necks to eat the leaves of trees and passed their neck size down to their offspring who continued to stretch their necks for food giving giraffes this physiological characteristic.)

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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristic

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Passing down acquired traits to offsprings

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Charles Darwin

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An English Naturalist who did not discover the Theory of Evolution but made it public in his book. While on a voyage he landed in the Galapagos and discovered the finches which in his studies led to his theory of evolution

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Natural Selection

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The differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the environment; leads to evolutionary change

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Survival of the Fittest

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Natural selection. Those with the best traits to survive will survive and reproduce. Leads to evolution

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Variation

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Difference in genotype, phenotype or morphology

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Species

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A group of organisms defines by binomial names

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Speciation

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The process by which new species arise, either by transformation of one species into another or by the splitting of one ancestral species into two descendant species

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Gene Pool

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All the alleles present in a species

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Allelic Frequency

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A measure of occurrence of alleles in a population, expressed as proportion of the entire population.

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Genotype Frequencies

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A measure of occurrence of genotype in a population, expressed as proportion of the entire population.

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Genetic Drift

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Random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time by chance

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Gene Flow

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Nonrandom movement of species causing fluctuation in allele frequency. (Ie: Migration)

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Bottleneck Effect

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A loss of genetic variability that occurs when a population is reduced by a dramatic size

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Founder Effect

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The effect by which rare alleles and combinations of alleles may be enhanced in new population

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Directional Selection

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A form of selection in which selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes

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Disruptive Selection

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A form of selection where selections acts against the intermediate type and favors the extremes

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Stabilizing Selection

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Favors the intermediate selection and eliminates the extremes

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Adaptions

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A peculiarity of structure, physiology, or behavior that promotes the likelihood of an organism's survival and reproduction in a particular environment

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Fitness

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The general contribution of an individual to succeeding generations. Refers to the relative fitness of an individual compared to others of the population

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Sexual Selection

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A type of differential reproduction that results from variable success in obtaining mates

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Polymorphism

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The presence in a population of more than one allele at a frequency greater than that of a newly arising mutation

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Microevolution

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Refers to evolution process itself. Evolution within a species. Also called adaption

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Macroevolution

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The creation of new species and the extinction of old ones

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Phylogeny

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The evolutionary history if an organism, including which species are closely related and in what order relate species evolved; often represented in form of an evolutionary tree

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Punctuated Equilibrium

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A hypothesis about the mechanism of evolutionary change proposing that long periods of little or no change are followed by a period of rapid evolution

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Gradualism

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The theory that species change so slowly over time that changes may be imperceptible from one generation to the next but accumulate and lead to changed over thousands of millions of years

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Radioactive Dating

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A technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they formed.

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Convergent Evolution

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The independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related; often found in organisms living in the same environment

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Genetic Variation

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Number and frequency of alleles in a population

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Charles Lyell

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Geologist

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Alfred Russell Wallace

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British naturalist who helped Darwin with his theory

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Genetic Equalibrium

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The condition of allele or genotype in a gene (such as population) where frequency does not change from generation to generation

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Mutation pressure

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Change in alleles frequency in response to repeated occurrences of the same mutation

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Heterozygote advantage

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Favors individuals with copies of both alleles and thus works to maintain both alleles in the population

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Ecological Isolation

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Species occur in the same area, but they occupy different habitats and rarely encounter each other

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Behavioral Isolation

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Differ in mating ritual

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Temporal Isolation

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Reproduce in different seasons or at different times of day

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Mechanical Isolation

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Structural differences prevent mating

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Prevention of gemete fusion

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Gametes in one species function poorly with the gametes of another species or within the reproductive tract of another species

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Hybrid inviability/infertility

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Hybrid embryos do not develop properly, hybrid adults do not survive in nature, or hybrid adults are sterile or have reduced fertility

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Developmental Isolation

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Lacking a social guide or protection (Ie: When you change a rabbit scent and the parent leaves it, it is more likely to die)