Ap Biology Evolution 2

Front 1

Speciation

Back 1

The formation of a new species (a species is defined as group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing a fertile offspring)

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Allopatric Speciation

Back 2

A population becomes separated by a geographic barrier (mountain, desert, wide river, extensive lava fields, etc.)

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Sympatric speciation

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Speciation without geographic barrier

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Balanced polymorphism

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Traits in a population end up separating them (this means isolation of a group within a population by some varietal differences

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Polyploidy

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Having more than 2 sets of DNA creates isolation from group

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Hybridization

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A hybrid is a cross between distinct varities of the same species

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Hybrid zone

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If two varieties in adjoining areas reproduce along the border between them

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Adaptive radiation

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Rapid evolution of many species from common ancestor when introduced into a NEW region from diverse conditions

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Maintaining Reproductive Isolation if NOT physically Separated

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Usually genetic drift, mutations or natural selections will create the separation

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Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

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1. Habitat Isolation - different environments select for different traits

2. Temporal Isolation - (seasons or times of day/night)

3. Behavioral isolation - wrong visual (display or mating ritual) sound (song) chemical signals (scents/pheromones)

4. Mechanical isolation - male and female genitalia not compatible, or wrong pollinators are attracted to flowers

5. Gametic Isolation - male gametes don't survive in the female, or female gamete does not allow male gamete to enter it to fertilize the egg

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Divergent Evolution

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Species diverged from a common ancestor

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Microevolution

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How populations of organisms change generation to generation

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Macroevolution

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Evolution of related species over a broad period of time

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Phylogeny

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Evolutionary relationships

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Phyletic Gradualism

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Evolution is the result of gradual accumulation of small changes over a very long period of time

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Punctuated equilibrium

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Long periods of little change interrupted by geologically short periods of rapid evolution

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Chemical Evolution

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The kinds of processes that contributed to the eventual formation of the first living things and the subsequent development of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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Stanley Miller's Experiments

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These famous experiments showed organic compounds formed including amnio acids when he created a mixture of simple compounds thought to be present in ancient seas and subjected them to energy for a week

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Primitive Autotroph Prokaryotes

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Formed due to mutations - could make their own food

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Autotrophs

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Changed the atmosphere by releasing O2 into the atmosphere for millions of years and the reaction of O2 and UV light created the ozone layer which protected the surface from much of the UV from space

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Endosymbiotic Theory

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Eukaryotes formed by cells combining in symbiotic relationships, so some prokaryotes became the mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes today

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Convergent Evolution

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Different species have similar traits which they evolved separately since they faced similar environmental conditions

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Parallel Evolution

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Two lines of evolved species have similar characteristics even though their common ancestor is quite distant in the past - they have characteristics because they evolved similar structure due to similar environments

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Coevolution

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Prey and predator change in response to changes in the other.