Ap Biology - Chapter 15-17 - Dna And Protein Synthesis

Front 1

In 1928, Griffith demonstrated this method

Back 1

Transformation

Front 2

Weakened or dead microorganisms used to cause body to produce immunity

Back 2

Vaccine

Front 3

Virus that infects bacteria

Back 3

Bacteriophage

Front 4

What did Hershey and Chase prove?

Back 4

That genetic material was made of DNA using the T2 virus

Front 5

Long thin molecule made of repeating subunits called nucleotides twisted into a helix

Back 5

DNA

Front 6

The backbones of DNA are _____, meaning they run in opposite directions

Back 6

Anti-parallel

Front 7

Three parts of a nucleotide:

Back 7

1) Phosphate group
2) 5-Carbon deoxyribose sugar
3) A nitrogen base

Front 8

The 4 nitrogenous bases:

Back 8

1) Adenine
2) Guanine
3) Cytosine
4) Thymine

Front 9

The 2 purines :

Back 9

1) Adenine
2) Guanine

Front 10

The 2 pyrimidines :

Back 10

1) Thymine
2) Cytosine

Front 11

How many rings do purines have?

Back 11

2 (double ringed)

Front 12

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

Back 12

1 (single ringed)

Front 13

What bonding occurs between Adenine - Thymine?

Back 13

Double hydrogen bond

Front 14

What bonding occurs between Cytosine and Guanine?

Back 14

Triple hydrogen bond

Front 15

States that you will have equal quantities of A & T and C & G because they are always paired

Back 15

Chargaff's base pairing rules

Front 16

Proved that DNA is species specific

Back 16

Chargaff's base pairing rules

Front 17

Who proposed the 1st model of DNA?

Back 17

Watson and Crick

Front 18

Shape of DNA

Back 18

Double helix

Front 19

Sides of DNA :

Back 19

1) Phosphate
2) Deoxyribose sugar (5C)

Front 20

Rungs of DNA :

Back 20

Nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G)

Front 21

The strands of DNA are _____, meaning that the nitrogen bases are bonded A-T and C-G

Back 21

Complementary

Front 22

The strands of DNA are _____, which means that one strand is 5'-3' and the other is 3'-5'

Back 22

Anti-parallel

Front 23

Bases are held together by weak _____ bonds

Back 23

Hydrogen

Front 24

Scientist who used X-Ray diffraction

Back 24

Franklin

Front 25

Proved the semiconservative model for DNA replication

Back 25

Messelson and Stahl

Front 26

In the initiation of transcription, _____ _____ attaches to the promoter region

Back 26

DNA polymerase

Front 27

In the initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to the _____ region

Back 27

Promoter

Front 28

The promoter region in transcription is AKA the

Back 28

TATA box

Front 29

In initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to the TATA box and causes a separation of _____ strands of _____

Back 29

1) Complementary
2) DNA

Front 30

During elongation of transcription, _____ _____ that are exposed will attract complementary free floating nucleotides of RNA to form hydrogen with the help of RNA polymerase

Back 30

DNA bases

Front 31

During elongation of transcription, _____ _____ also forms bonds between the sugar and phosphate of the nucleotides

Back 31

RNA polymerase

Front 32

During elongation of transcription, the process of bonding continues until the gene is fully _____

Back 32

Transcribed

Front 33

The _____ codon is reached and the new messenger RNA is released during transcription

Back 33

Terminator

Front 34

During transcription, the terminator codon is reached and the new _____ is released

Back 34

Messenger RNA

Front 35

In transcription, the mRNA undergoes _____ processing

Back 35

RNA

Front 36

During transcription, the _____ remove introns and the exons are spliced together and a 5' cap and poly-A tail are added

Back 36

snRNP's

Front 37

During transcription, the 5' cap and poly-A tail are added to protect the mRNA from being degraded on its way to the _____ in the cytoplasm

Back 37

Ribosome

Front 38

After the mRNA gets the 5' cap and poly-A tail, it leaves through the _____ _____ and moves to the _____ subunits

Back 38

1) Nuclear pores
2) Ribosomal subunits

Front 39

After the mRNA moves to the ribosomal subunits, it can now carry the genetic blueprint of DNA to the _____ to begin the process of _____ _____

Back 39

1) Ribosome
2) Protein synthesis

Front 40

During translation, what is the message that gets interpreted?

Back 40

The codon series on mRNA

Front 41

Translation is the interpreting of the _____ _____ and building a protein accordingly

Back 41

Genetic code

Front 42

What interprets the genetic code during translation?

Back 42

tRNA

Front 43

Function is to be a shuttle for specific AA to the ribosome

Back 43

tRNA

Front 44

The function of tRNA is to be a shuttle for specific _____ _____to the ribosome

Back 44

Amino acids

Front 45

Each amino acid is matched with the particular _____ by the enzyme, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Back 45

tRNA

Front 46

_____ are made of a large unit and a small unit that are assembled and functional only when attached to the mRNA molecule

Back 46

Ribosomes

Front 47

Each ribosome has a binding site for _____

Back 47

mRNA

Front 48

On each ribosome, the P site holds the tRNA carrying the _____ _____

Back 48

Polypeptide chain

Front 49

On each ribosome, the A site is for the tRNA carrying the next _____ _____

Back 49

AMino acid

Front 50

Three steps of making a polypeptide

Back 50

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

Front 51

Small subunits binds to _____ and a special initiator tRNA during initiation of a polypeptide

Back 51

mRNA

Front 52

The initiator codon is on the _____

Back 52

mRNA

Front 53

What is the initiator codon?

Back 53

AUG

Front 54

The initiator tRNA carries the AA, methionine (MET) to the _____ _____

Back 54

Initiator codon

Front 55

Energy source of initiation of a polypeptide

Back 55

GTP

Front 56

At the end of initiation, the _____ tRNA sits in the P site and the A site is ready for the next tRNA

Back 56

Initiator

Front 57

Amino acids are added one by one to the initial amino acid

Back 57

Elongation

Front 58

mRNA in the A site forms H bonds with the anticodon of tRNA

Back 58

Codon recognition

Front 59

Formed between new amino acids and polypeptide chain

Back 59

Peptide bond formation

Front 60

tRNA in the P site leaves, tRNA with polypeptide in A site moves to P site, next the codon moves to A site (5'-3')

Back 60

Translation

Front 61

Elongation continues until it reaches a stop codon at the A site (UAA, UAG, UGA)

Back 61

Termination

Front 62

During termination, the _____ _____ binds directly to the termination codon in the A site

Back 62

Release factor

Front 63

During termination, the release factor causes ribosomes to add _____ instead of AA

Back 63

Water

Front 64

During termination, _____ occurs, making the polypeptide free and ribosome units separate

Back 64

Hydrolysis

Front 65

The process of synthesizing a new DNA strand

Back 65

DNA replication

Front 66

The helix must unwind which is aided by the enzyme _____

Back 66

Helicase

Front 67

_____ _____ _____ _____ help keep the strands apart and stabilized until new strand is formed during DNA replication

Back 67

Single-strand binding proteins

Front 68

Where replication starts

Back 68

Origin of replication

Front 69

Forms where the strand is separating and forms a replication bubble

Back 69

Replication fork

Front 70

Replication fork forms where the strand is separating and forms a _____ _____

Back 70

Replication bubble

Front 71

Before new DNA nucleotides add, an _____ _____ that is complementary to DNA must be present

Back 71

RNA Primer

Front 72

_____ _____ helps bond the new DNA nucleotides to the old DNA strand

Back 72

DNA polymerase

Front 73

The _____ _____ grows continuously and the _____ _____ grows in Okasaki fragments

Back 73

1) Leading strand
2) Lagging strand

Front 74

_____ _____ catalyzes linkage between fragments in DNA replication

Back 74

DNA Ligase

Front 75

DNA polymerase corrects most errors by _____ _____

Back 75

Excision repair

Front 76

_____ _____ bonds the nucleotides together in DNA Replication

Back 76

DNA ligase

Front 77

Serves as a mold (template) for the assembly of proteins

Back 77

mRNA

Front 78

Each bonds to a specific amino acid (Type of RNA)

Back 78

tRNA

Front 79

globular, found in ribosomes (Type of RNA)

Back 79

rRNA

Front 80

3 base sequence on mRNA that will code for an amino acid

Back 80

Codon