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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the term for a giant molecule that can consist of thousands of covalently connected atoms?
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Macromolecule
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What is a lone molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds?
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Polymer
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What is a the building block of a polymer?
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Monomer
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What is a condensation reaction/dehydration reaction?
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A reaction where two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule
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What is hydrolysis?
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The process where polymers are disassembled into monomers. Bonds between monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules.
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What are the four main classes of large biological molecules?
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Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
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Sugars, or, monosaccharides.
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What is the covalent bond formed between monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction to make a disaccharide called?
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A glycosidic linkage.
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What polysaccharide do many plants use to store glucose?
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Starch
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What polycsaccharide do humans use to store glucose?
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Glycogen in liver and muscle cells.
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What is cellulose?
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A major component of cell walls that enclose plant cells. It is an unbranched β glucose polymer.
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What linkage does starch use for its glucose monomers?
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The α (alpha) linkage.
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Lipids are hydrophobic. What does hydrophobic mean?
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They have little or no affinity for water. (water-fearing)
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What links the monomers in lipids?
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Ester linkage. (A bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.)
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What is a fat constructed of?
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Glycerol and fatty acids.
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Difference between saturated and unsaturated
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Saturated means there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid making as many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to the carbon skeleton.
Unsaturated means there are one or more double bonds. |
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In phospholipids, which part, the head or the tail, is hydrophilic? Which part is then hydrophobic?
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The tails are hydrophobic and heads hydrophilic. Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes.
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Fats, phospholipids and steroids are all:
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Lipids
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Enzymes are a type of ___ and regulate metabolism by acting as ____ which ____ (slow down/speed up) chemical reactions by ____(lowering/raising) the activation energy.
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Protein, Catalysts, Speed Up, Lowering
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
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Amino Acids
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What are the levels of protein structure?
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Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
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What are the two main types of secondary structures in proteins?
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The α helix and β pleated sheet.
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The function of a protein is very dependent on its
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structure.
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In a DNA double helix model, what holds the base pairs together?
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hydrogen bonding
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What nitrogenous bases are members of the pyrimidine family?
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cytosine(C) and thymine(T)
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What nitrogenous bases are members of the purine family?
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adenine (A) and guanine (G)
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Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called ______ consisting of monomers called ____.
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polynucleotides, nucleotides.
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A nucleotide is made up of three parts
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nitrogenous bases, pentose (5 carbon sugar), and phosphate group.
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arrangement: Antiparallel
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The sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA run in opposite directions from each other. 3' --> 5'
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Not a protein:
A. hemoglobin B. cholesterol C. an antibody D. an enzyme E. insulin |
B. Cholesterol; it's not a protein.
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