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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Operator |
On off switch, when repress or binds to it, it turns off the operon |
Lights |
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Promoter |
Before operator; when RNA polymerase binds it turns operon on |
Promote-start |
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When this binds to the operator it turns off the operon; what is made from regulatory gene |
Repressor protein |
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Coreoressor |
Small molecule that works with repressor protein to switch operon off |
Sidekick |
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Inducer |
Small molecule that inactivates the repressor |
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Activator |
Protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a gene |
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Histone acetylation |
The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins |
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DNA methylation |
Presence of methyl groups on the dna bases of plants animal and fungi; process of adding methyl groups to Dan bases; cytosine |
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microRNAs (miRNA) |
Small single strand rna molecules that can bind to sequences in mRNA molecules |
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siRNA small interfering RNA |
Same size and function as miRNA- bind with mRNA; difference is the formation |
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Transcription initiation complex |
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter |
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Transcription factor |
A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes |
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Operon |
All together the operator the promoter in the genes that control |
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Genes they control |
The entire stretch of DNA required for enzyme production for the pathway |
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Regulatory gene |
A gene that codes for a protein such as a repressor that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes |
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Gene expression for prokaryotes |
Can simultaneously transcribe and translate genes and proteins can be made easily and quickly |
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Repressible operon |
It's transcription is usually on but can be inhibited when a specific small molecule binds to a regulatory protein (trp operon); negative regulation |
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Inducible operon |
Is usually off but can be stimulated when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein(lac operon); negative regulation |
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Codons |
mRNA nucleotide triplets |
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What are the three main stages of transcription and translation |
Initiation elongation termination |
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mRNA processing |
Both ends of the transcript are altered |
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5' cap |
A modified form of guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end after transcription of the first 20-40 nucleotides |
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Poly-a tail |
At the 3' end an enzyme adds 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides |
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RNA splicing |
Removal of large portions of the RNA molecule that is initially synthesized |
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Intron |
The non-coding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions; intervening sequences |
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Exons |
Other regions because they are eventually expressed usually by being translated into amino acid sequences |
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Wobble |
The flexible base pairing at this codon position |
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P site |
Peptidyl-tRNA binding site; holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain |
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A site |
Amino acetyl-tRNA binding site; holds the tRNA curing the next amino acid to be added to the chain |
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E site |
Exit site; discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome from here |
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Mutations |
changes to the genetic information of a cell |
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Point mutations |
Changes in the single nucleotide pair of a gene |
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Base pair substitution |
The replacement of one nucleotide and it's partner with another pair of nucleotides |
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Silent mutation |
No observable effect on the phenotype |
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Miss sense mutations |
Substitutions the change one amino acid to another |
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Insertion |
Addition of a nucleotide pair in a gene |
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Deletion |
Loss of a nucleotide pair in a gene |
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Frameshift mutation |
Whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three |
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Mutagen |
A number of physical and chemical agents interact with DNA in ways that cause mutations |
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Post translational modifications |
Additional steps may be required before the protein can begin doing its job in the cell |
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Nonsense mutation |
Causes translation to be terminated prematurely |
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Transformation-Griffith |
A change in genotype and phenotype is due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell |
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Chargoff |
Sound that the amount of A's equal the amount of T's and C's equal the amount of G's; Led him to figure out the double helix |
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Antiparallel arrangement of DNA |
One strand of the DNA will have a five prime end in the three prime and the other strand runs the opposite way |
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Leading strand |
The new complementary DNA strand synthesize continuously along the template strand towards the replication fork in the mandatory five prime to three prime |
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Lagging strand |
A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of fragments each synthesize in a five time to three prime direction away from the replication fork |
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Oakazaki fragments |
The short segments of DNA synthesis away from the replication fork on the template strand |
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DNA ligase |
The linking enzyme that binds the fragments together |
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Primer |
A short stretch of our name was a free three prime end pound by a complementary base pairing to the template strand |
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Primase |
In enzyme that joins or nay nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication |
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Helicase |
The enzyme that untwist the double helix of DNA replication forks |
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DNA polymerase 1 |
Removes RNA primer and proofreads the RNA |
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DNA polymerase 3 |
Ads are name nucleotides to DNA strand |
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How eukaryotic DNA is packed together |
DNA is packaged starting with the histones which are proteins that help with the packing. They bind to each other forming nucleosomes. The DNA wraps around it and it starts to bunched together. Then it forms loops which make up the chromosome. While this is happening it is known as the metaphase chromosome. |
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