Ap Bio Vocab Cards

Front 1

Hydrophobic

Back 1

Does not dissolve in water

Front 2

Hydrophilic

Back 2

Dissolves in water

Front 3

Solvent

Back 3

Something that dissolves a solute

Front 4

Heat Capacity

Back 4

How much a substance changes temperature in response to a gain or loss of heat. Water has a very low heat capacity, and therefore is difficult to raise in temperature.

Front 5

Properties of Water

Back 5

Excellent Solvent, High Heat Capacity, Ice Floats, Strong Cohesion and Surface Tension, Strong adhesion to other molecules

Front 6

Surface Tension

Back 6

The strength of the surface of a liquid

Front 7

Capillary Action

Back 7

The rising up of narrow tubing, such as inside a plant's stem, by water through adhesion to the sides of the tube.

Front 8

Organic Molecules

Back 8

Molecules that contain carbon atoms

Front 9

Macromolecules

Back 9

Large organic molecules that consist of hundreds or thousands of atoms

Front 10

Polymer

Back 10

A macromolecule that is made up of a single monomer repeated many times

Front 11

Monosaccharide

Back 11

The simplest type of carbohydrate, made up of a single sugar molecule (e.g. fructose or glucose)

Front 12

Disaccharide

Back 12

A carbohydrate made up of two sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage

Front 13

Glycosidic Linkage

Back 13

The bond that connects monosaccharides

Front 14

Dehyration Reaction

Back 14

The reaction in which monosaccharides are bonded, resulting in the loss of a single water molecule.

Front 15

Starch

Back 15

A polymer of alpha glucose molecules; the principal energy storage molecule in plant cells.

Front 16

Glycogen

Back 16

A polymer of alpha-glucose, stores energy in animal cells.

Front 17

Cellulose

Back 17

A polymer of beta-glucose molecules. A structural molecule in plant cell walls and wood.

Front 18

Chitin

Back 18

A polymer of beta glucose; serves as a structural molecule in the walls of fungus cells and in the exoskeletons of insects, other arthropods, and mollusks.

Front 19

Lipids

Back 19

Polymers that are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar substances. Includes triglycerides, phospholipds, and steroids

Front 20

Triglycerides

Back 20

Lipids that include fats, oils, and waxes. Made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.

Front 21

Fatty Acids

Back 21

Hydrocarbons that make up part of triglycerides and phospholipids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated ones do.

Front 22

Phospholipids

Back 22

A lipid similar to a trioglyceride except with a phosphate group replacing one of the fatty acids. The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic and the phosphate head is hydrophilic.

Front 23

Amphipath

Back 23

A molecule with both a polar and nonpolar region.

Front 24

Steroids

Back 24

Lipids with a backbone of four linked carbon rings. Examples include cholesterol , testosterone, and estrogen

Front 25

Amino Acids

Back 25

The building blocks of proteins

Front 26

Peptide Bonds

Back 26

The chemical bonds that hold amino acids together in proteins

Front 27

Primary Structure of a Protein

Back 27

The order of amino acids.

Front 28

Secondary Structure of a Protein

Back 28

The 3-D shape of a protein, resulting from hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids.

Front 29

Tertiary Structure of a Protein

Back 29

Additional 3D structure of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between R groups of amino acids, ionic bonding between R groups, disulfide bonds between csteine, and the hydrophobic effects, which causes R groups to move toward the center of the protein and away from the water.

Front 30

Quaternary Structure of a Protein

Back 30

The structure of a protein made up of two or more peptide chains.

Front 31

Deoxyribose

Back 31

A five carbon sugar that makes up part of a nucleotide

Front 32

Catalyst

Back 32

Something that accelerates the rate of a reaction.

Front 33

Metabolism

Back 33

Chemical reactiosn that take place in biological systems

Front 34

Catabolism

Back 34

The breaking down of substances

Front 35

Anabolism

Back 35

The formation of new products, or the transfer of energy from one substance to another

Front 36

Induced-Fit Model

Back 36

The enzyme model that describes that on every enzyme there is an active site where a particular reactant can interact.

Front 37

Denatured

Back 37

When a protein loses its 3D shape as a result of a change in pH or temperature

Front 38

Cofactors

Back 38

Nonprotein molecules that assist enzyme reactions

Front 39

Coenzymes

Back 39

Organic cofactors

Front 40

ATP

Back 40

Adenosine Triphosphate, a common source of activation energy for chemical reactions. It supplies energy for reactions by breakign off the third phosphate group and releasing energy.

Front 41

Phosphorylation

Back 41

The process of creating ATP through the combination of ADP with a phosphate group.

Front 42

Allosteric Enzymes

Back 42

Enzymes with two binding sites, one active site, and one for an inhibitor

Front 43

Allosteric Effector

Back 43

A substance that binds to an allosteric enzyme's allosteric site. Activators induce the enzyme's active form, while inhibitors do the opposite.

Front 44

Feedback Inhibition

Back 44

When the end product of a series of reactions acts as an allosteric inhibitor for the enzyme facilitating the reactions.

Front 45

Competitive Inhibition

Back 45

A substance that mimics the substrate and binds to the active site of an enzyme, thus preventing it from catalyzing the actual substrate

Front 46

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

Back 46

A substance that binds to an enzyme somewhere besdies the active or allosteric site, thus changing its shape and preventing catalyzation.

Front 47

Cooperativeity

Back 47

When the enzyme becomes more receptive to substrates after one of the active sites has been filled, such as in enzyme proteins with quarternary structure.

Front 48

Centromere

Back 48

The thing that connects the identical halves of sister chromatids

Front 49

Diploid Cells

Back 49

Cells that have two copies of each chromosome

Front 50

Haploid Cells

Back 50

Cells with a single copy of each chromosome

Front 51

Cytokinesis

Back 51

The second half of cell division, in which the cytoplasm divides.

Front 52

Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

Back 52

Also known as centrosomes, the microtubules develop from them during cellular division.

Front 53

Interphase

Back 53

The nondividing period of the cell cycle, during which the nucleolus is visible, the MTOCs are next to each other, and the chromatin is inside the nuclear envelope.

Front 54

Prophase

Back 54

The first phase of mitosis, during prophase

1. The nucleoli disappear and the chromatin condenses into chromosomes
2. The nuclear envelope breaks down
3. The mitotic spindle is assembled as the MTOCs move apart

Front 55

Kinetochore

Back 55

The section in the centromere where microtubules attach.

Front 56

Metaphase Plate

Back 56

The plane that lies between the two poles of the mitotic spindle

Front 57

Metaphase

Back 57

The second phase of mitosis. During metaphase sister chromatids are pulled apart. Each sister chromatid still has a centromere and kinetochore

Front 58

Anaphase

Back 58

The third phase of mitosis. During anaphase, microtubules attached to the separated chromosomes shorten, pulling them to the poles.

Front 59

Cleavage Furrow

Back 59

The indentation between dividing cells in telophase

Front 60

Telophase

Back 60

The final phase of mitosis. A nuclear envelope forms around each pole, forming two distinct nuclei. The chromosomes turn into chromotin and the nucleoli reappear. Cytokinesis occurs during this time.

Front 61

Cytosol

Back 61

The fluid matrix which makes up the cytoplasm, along with the organelles.

Front 62

Peripheral Proteins

Back 62

Proteins that attach to the outside of the phospholipid membrane.

Front 63

Integral Proteins

Back 63

Proteins that extrend into the membrane of a cell.

Front 64

Transmembrane Proteins

Back 64

Proteins that extend out of both sides of a cell membrane.

Front 65

Selectively Permeable

Back 65

Only small, uncharged, polar, or hydrophobic molecules can pass through the cell membrane.

Front 66

Channel Proteins

Back 66

Allow for hydrophilic (polar or charged) molecules to pass through the cell membrane.

Front 67

Transport Proteins

Back 67

Proteins that use ATP to actively transport substances across the cell membrane.

Front 68

Glycoproteins

Back 68

Also known as recognition proteins, they identify neighboring cells. They have oligosaccharide chains that extend outside the membrane.

Front 69

Adhesion Proteins

Back 69

Attach cells to neighboring cells

Front 70

Receptor Proteins

Back 70

Provide sites for hormones or other similar molecules to attach.

Front 71

Glycocalyx

Back 71

A carbohydrate covering of the outer face of the plasma membrane, made up of various oligosaccharides. It provides for cell to cell recognition.

Front 72

Nucleosomes

Back 72

Bundles of DNA coiled around histones.

Front 73

Rough ER

Back 73

The endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes, it produced glycoproteins.

Front 74

Smooth ER

Back 74

The endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, it breaks down toxins and synthesizes lipids and hormones.

Front 75

Dailysis

Back 75

The process of separating different substances in a solution by their different rates of diffusion.

Front 76

Turgor Pressure

Back 76

Pressure exerted on the cell wall by the contents of a plant cell.

Front 77

Testape

Back 77

Used to test for the presence of glucose.

Front 78

Lugol's Solution

Back 78

Tests for the presence of starch.

Front 79

Golgi Body

Back 79

Modifies and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles.

Front 80

Vesicles

Back 80

Small, spherically shaped sacs from the surface of the Golgi apparatus, which release their contents to the outside of the cell by merging with the plasma membrane.

Front 81

Lysosomes

Back 81

Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus which contain digestive enzymes. They break down food, celular debris, and foreign invaders. They only exist in animal cells.

Front 82

Peroxisomes

Back 82

Organelles that break down toxic substances, most notably hydrogen peroxide. They are most abundant in liver and kidney cells.

Front 83

Microtubules

Back 83

Made up of tubulin, provide support and motility for cellular activities. Make up flagella and cilia.

Front 84

Intermediate Filaments

Back 84

Provide support for maintaining the cell shape.

Front 85

Microfilaments

Back 85

Made of actin, they are primarily used for cell motility.

Front 86

Basal Bodies

Back 86

Structures that exist at the base of cilia and flagella and organize their development.

Front 87

Cell Junctions

Back 87

Structures that anchor cells to one another or provide passageways for cellular exchange.

Front 88

Desmosomes

Back 88

Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells. They hold the cells together.

Front 89

Tight Junctions

Back 89

Tight seams between animal cells, which prevent the movement of material between cells.

Front 90

Gap Junctions

Back 90

Protein tunnels between animal cells which prevent the cytoplasm from mixing but allow the passage of ions and other small molecules.

Front 91

Plasmodesmata

Back 91

Narrow channels between plant cells.

Front 92

Differences between plant/animal cells

Back 92

Animal cells have lysosomes, centrioles, desmosomes, and tight and gap junctions.

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and plasmodesmata.

Front 93

Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Back 93

Prokaryotes only have a plasma membrane, one DNA molecule, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and sometimes a cell wall. They also lack a nucleus, are smaller, and their flagella aren't made up of microtubules.

Front 94

Hypertonic

Back 94

Higher solution of solutes.

Front 95

Hypotonic

Back 95

Lower concentration of solutes

Front 96

Isotonic

Back 96

Equal concentration of solutes

Front 97

Bulk Flow

Back 97

The collective movement of substances in the same direction in response to a force or pressure.

Front 98

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 98

The diffusion of solutes through channel proteins in the plasma membrane.

Front 99

Countercurrent Exchange

Back 99

The diffusion of substances between regions in which substances are moving by bulk flow in opposite directions.

Front 100

Exocytosis

Back 100

The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.

Front 101

Endocytosis

Back 101

The process of the plasma membrane engulfing a substance outside of a cell.
There are three types, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Front 102

Phagocytosis

Back 102

When undissolved material enters the cell. The membrane engulfs the solid material, forming a phagocytic vesicle. The process of white blood cells attacking bacteria is one example.

Front 103

Pinocytosis

Back 103

When dissolved substances enter the cell. The membrane folds inward to form a channel that allows liquid to enter the cell.

Front 104

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Back 104

When specific molecules in the fluid outside the cell bind to corresponding receptors in the plasma membrane. The molecules are called ligands.