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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Methanogens
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Obtain energy by using CO2 to oxidize H2, producing methane as waste
-strict anaerobes -live in swamps and marshes -live in anaerobic guts of herbivores |
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Extreme Halophiles
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live in high salinity
-great salt lake -dead sea |
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Extreme Thermophiles
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Thrive in hot environments
-hot springs in yellowstone and deep-sea hydrothermal vents -obtain energy by oxidizing sulfer |
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cyanobacteria
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restores 02 to the atmosphere but also fixes nitrogen
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commensalism
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(+,0)
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parasitism
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(+,-)
-pathogenic prokaryotes cause 1/2 of all human diseases |
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mutualism
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(+,+)
-legumes have lumps in roots which are homes of mutualistic prokaryotes (Rhizobium) that fix nitrogen that is used by the host |
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autgenous hypothesis
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endomembrane system of eukaryotes may have evolved from infoldings of prokaryote's plasma membrane
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endysymbiotic hypothesis
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larger prokaryote engulfed smaller prokaryote for mutualistic relationship- mitochondria & chloroplasts
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phytoplankton
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bases of most marine & freshwater food chains
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protozoa (protists)
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ingestive, animal-like protists
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algae (protists)
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photosynthetic, plant-like protists
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absorptive (protists)
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fungus-like protists
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protozoa
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-diverse group of heterotrophic protists
-subdivision of this group into different phyla is based on how they FEED and MOVE |
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Phylum Rhizopoda
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-Rhizopoda (=root like feet) include the amoebas and their relatives
-unicelleular, simplest of protists -move and feed using pseudopodia (phagocytosis) -most are free-living, some parasitic -asexual reproduction |
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Phylum Actinopoda
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-Actinopoda (=rayfeet) posess axopodia
-axopodia: projections reinforced by bundles of microtubules thinly covered by cytoplasm, used to increase SA which helps them float and function in feeding |
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Phylum Actinopoda (Types)
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Heliozoans-freshwater
Radiolarian-marine, delicate shells made of silica |
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Phylum Foraminifera
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-Forams have porous, multi-chambered, calcium carbonate shells
-must live in sand or attach to algae and rocks -all marine -pseudopodia extend through the shell's pres for swimming, feedin gand shell formation |
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Phylum Apcomplexa
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-All are parasites of animals
-Infectious cells produced in the life cycle are called SPOROZOITES which have a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues -EX: Plasmodium: the parasite that cause MALARIA, spends part of its life in mosquitos and part in humans |
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Phylum Zoomastigophora
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-Heterotrophs that phagocitize prey
-Use whip-like flagella to move -Most are free-living, some are symbiotic -Speciies: Trypanosoma cause African sleeping sickness (carried by tse-tse- fly) |
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Phylum Ciliophora
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-Use cilia to move and feed
-Most lie in freshwater -In a Paramecium, cilia along the oral groove draw in food that are engulfed by phagocytosis -Accumulated water (freshwater=hypotonic) expelled from CONTRACTILE VACUOLE -MACRONUCLEUS-Controls normal cell functions -MICRONUCLEI- Several function in conjugation, a sexual process which produces genetic variation |
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seaweeds
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multi-cellular algae
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phylum dinoflagellata
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-Dinoflagellates (dino=whirling) components of phytoplankton, provide the foundation of most marine food chains, some colonial
-Have brownish plastids containing chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and a mix of carotenoids, and PERIDININ -Dinoflagellate blooms - RED TIDES (some toxins) -Bioluminescent -Cell surface is reinforced by cellulose plates with flagella in perpendicular grooves, creating its whirling movement and resulting in a characteristic shape |
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Phylum Chrysophyta
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-Includes the golden algae
-Live among freshwater plankton, most are colonial -Flagellated cells with both flagella attached near one end of the cell -Store carbs in the form of lamniarin, a polysaccharide -Plastids have chlorophylla, chlorophyllc, yellow & brown carotenoids, and xanthophylls -Survive envirnmental stress by forming reisstant cysts (emerge when conditions favorable) |
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Phylum Bacillariophyta
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-DIATOMS
-Mostly unicellular with unique glasslike walls of hydrated silica in an organic matrix -Wall is divided into 2 parts that overlap like a shoebox and lid -Mostly produce asexually (mitosis) with each daughter cell recieving half the cell wall and regenerating the second half -Same photosynthetic pigments as Chrysophyta -Components of freshwater and marine plankton -Store food in form of oil- buoyant |
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Diatomaceous Earth
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-Accumulations of fossilized diatoms, used commercially as insect repellant (Glassy powder "tears up" and dries up insects from inside out but harmless to animals)
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Phylum Euglenophyta
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-EUGLEN
-Chlorophylla,chlorphyllab, carotenoids, xanthophyll -Chiefly autotrophic, some are mixotrophic or heterotrophic -Posess flexible internal protein plates instead of cell wall -Characterzed by an anterior pocket from which one or two flagella emerge -Have a unique glucose polymer, paramylon as a storage molecule -Eyespot near base of flagellum used for phototaxis |
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Phylum Chlorophyta
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-Green algae
-common ancestor of green algae and plants probably had chloroplasts derived from cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis -closely related to land plants -most live in freshwater, others in marine, inhabit damp soil or snow, or live symbiotically with eukaryotes -colonial forms are often filamentous ("pond scum") -multicellular forms may have large, complex structures resembling true plants |
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Phylum Phaeophtya
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-Brown algae
-large and most complext protist -Chlorophylla, chlorophyllc, carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin -Most are marine, common in temperate coasts (cool water) -Kelp- GIANT SEAWEEDS |
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Phylum Rhodophyta
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-Red Algae
-Unlike other eukaryotic algae, have no flagellated stages -Red color due to accessory pigment phycoerythrin, a phycobiliprotein -Carbohydrate food reserves stored as floridean starch (similar to glycogen) -Most live in warm coastal waters of tropical oceans -Can inhabit deeper waters b/c phycobilin pigments can absorb wavelengths (blue and green) that penetrate down to deep wter -Cell walls are cellulose with agar and carageenan -Some have hard calcareous cell walls (calcium carbonate) |
