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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homologous |
Similar in structure and evoloutionary orgin without necessarily the same function |
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Common ancestor
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a single species one can track multiple difference species' from |
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Convergent evoloution |
Organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits after having to adapt to similar enviornmental problems |
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Mutation |
the changing of the structure of a gene, changing the phenotype or genotype of the DNA |
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Natural selection |
Survival of the fittest, as coined by Darwin |
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adaptation |
Adapting or changing to an environment to survive |
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evoloution |
the gradual change of a species to better suit itself for the world and |
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adaptive radiation |
The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches |
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allele |
One part of a gene located on a specific chromosome |
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abiotic |
physical rather than biological |
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active transport |
movement of molecules from low to high, assisted by enzymes |
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ATP |
Energy for molecules and cells, transports chemical energy |
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ATP synthtase |
provides energy for cells |
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calvin cycle
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an energy cycle occuring in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis |
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chemiosmosis |
the movement of ions across a membrane when generating ATP |
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facilitated diffusion |
spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions |
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fermentation |
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeast or other microorganisms |
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gylcolysis |
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid |
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golgi apparatus |
folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most cells, involved in secretion and intracellular |
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hypertonic |
having a higher osmotic pressure than another fluid |
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osmosis |
where molecules go from high to low gradients in water |
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passive transport |
moving from high to love gradients without energy |
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photosynthesis |
how plants get their energy. Occurs in chloroplasts in plants |
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ribosome |
they bind MRNA and TRNA to synthesize proteins |
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hypotonic |
having a lower osmotic pressure than another fluid |
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rough endoplasmic |
houses ribosomes used for DNA replication |
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chloroplast |
Where photosynthesis happens in plants |
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concentratiion gradient |
The measurement of how the concentration of something changes from one place to another |
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isotonic |
having equal tensions |
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krebs ycle |
takes place in the mitochondria, using up oxygen and producing CO2 and H2O |
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lysosome |
an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing enzymes |
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metabolism |
the chemical processes that occur whithin a living organism in order to maintain life |
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meoisis |
sex cell reproduction, with four daughter cells each with half the information of the parent cell |
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mitochondrion |
where respiration occurs in the cell |
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reticulum |
area where proteins are transported |
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
area where proteins are transported |
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mitosis |
where parent cells break up with as much information in the daughter cells as the parent cell |
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diffusion |
spreading something more widely |
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centromere |
mid-point on a chromosome where spindle fibre during cell division |
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codominance |
where two alleles of a gene pair are fully expressed where neither is dominant or recessive |
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crossing over |
exchange of genetic material between chromosomes that occurs during meoisis and contributes to variability |
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DNA |
what our genes are made up of that makes us us |
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DNA Polymerase |
enzymes that create DNA by assembling nucleotides |
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DNA replication |
process of producing two identical repicas from one original DNA molecule |
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genotype |
The genetic makeup of an organism |
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helicase |
enzymes that bind nucleic acides |
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heterozygous |
two different alleles for a single trait |
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homolous Chromosomes |
two sets of chromosomes meeting up during meoisis
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Incomplete dominance |
one allele isn't completely dominant over another (Pink flowers) |
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independent assortment |
random segregation of chromosomes during meosis |
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lagging strand |
DNA that is replicated discontinuously |
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leading strand |
DNA that is synthesised during replication |
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Meoisis |
cell division with half the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells |
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mendelian genetics |
scientific breeding for big and small Alleles |
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mitosis |
where the daughter cells receive as many chromosomes as parent cells |
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nondisjunction |
failure of homologous chromosomes to sepereate during nuclear division |
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nucleotide |
a compound consisting of nucleotides |
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phenotype |
what our genetics LOOK like "colour" |
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purine |
forms uric acid when oxidized |
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pyrimidine |
compound with basic properties |
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RNA |
acts as DNA messanger |
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sexlinked traits |
a trait carried only by a male or female |
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active site |
a region on enzymes that binds to a protein |
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alimentary canal |
food passage through body |
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fatty acid |
acid containing a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group |
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Golgi Mechanism |
makes proteins for the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Atom |
the basic unit of an element |
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Atomic mass |
number of protons and neutrons |
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Atomic number |
number of protons |
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Atomic weight |
atomic mass |
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hydrogen bond |
bond resulting from an electrostatic attraction between two molecules involving a hydrogen atom |
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hydrophilic |
likes water |
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carbohydrates |
2:1 ration of hydrogen and oxygen and broken down to release energy in the body |
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hydrophobic |
afraid of water |
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cell wall |
thick layer in plants |
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ionic bond |
complete transfer of electrons |
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cholesterol |
a compoud of the sterol type found in most body tissues |
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chloroplast |
where photosynthesis happens in the plant cells |
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Monosaccharides |
sugars that can't be hydrolzyed to give a simpler sugar |
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Disaccharides |
any of a class of sugars who contain two monosaccharides |
