Ap Bio Chapter 6 Terms And Stuff

Front 1

two systems

Back 1

root system and shoot system

Front 2

two types of roots

Back 2

fibrous roots - made of a mat of thin roots spread just below soils surface
taproot - one thick vertical root with many lateral roots that come out from it

Front 3

what are stems made up of

Back 3

nodes - point at which leaves are attaches
internodes - parts of stems btwn notes

Front 4

axillary buds

Back 4

located in the V formed btwn node and stems, have potential to form a branch

Front 5

terminal bud

Back 5

located at top end of stem
where growth usually occurs

Front 6

in apical dominance

Back 6

terminal bud prohibits growth of axillary buds

Front 7

what do leaves consist of

Back 7

blade and petiole that joins leaf to node

Front 8

three tissue types of all plant organs

Back 8

1. dermal tissue
2. vascular tissue
3. ground tissue

Front 9

dermal tissue

Back 9

single layer of closely packed cells that covers the entire plant and protects it

Front 10

vascular tissue

Back 10

continuous through plant
responsible for transporting material btwn roots and shoots

Front 11

xylem

Back 11

transports water and minerals up from roots

Front 12

phloem

Back 12

transport food from leaves to other parts of plant

Front 13

tracheids and vessel elements

Back 13

components of xylem, dead cells that form a conduit through which water passes

Front 14

sieve tube members

Back 14

in phloem tubes formed by chains of cells

Front 15

ground tissue

Back 15

anything that is not dermal or vascular, divided into pith (inside the ring of the ground tissue) and cortex (outside the ring)

Front 16

plants have three types of cells

Back 16

1 parenchyma cells - perform most of metabolism, including photosynthesis, present throughout plant
2 collenchyma cells - grouped in cylinders, help support growing parts of plant
3. sclerenchyma - exists in parts of cell no longer growing, have a tough cell wall, two types specialized just for support - fibers and sclerids

Front 17

annuals

Back 17

life span occurs over one year

Front 18

bienials

Back 18

life occurs over course of two years

Front 19

perennials

Back 19

lives occur over many years

Front 20

meristems

Back 20

embryonic growths that exist in a plants growing regions

Front 21

apical meristems

Back 21

located at tips of roots and buds of shoots, sites of cell division

Front 22

primary growth

Back 22

occurs when plant grows at apical meristems

Front 23

secondary growth

Back 23

woody plants, when shoots and roots of a plant thicken, product of lateral meristems

Front 24

root cap

Back 24

covers tip of root in a plant, contains three types of cells in various stages of growth, in the following zones

Front 25

zones of cell primary growth

Back 25

1. zone of cell division - includes apical and primary meristems where cells divide rapidly, and the quiescent center, where cells divide slowly,

Front 26

three concentric cylinders of cells that continue to divide (above apical meristem newly divided cells form these
-zone of cell division-

Back 26

1. protoderm
2. procambrium
3. groundmeristem

eventually produce the three main tissues

Front 27

zone of elongation

Back 27

above cell division, in which cells elongate significantly

Front 28

zone of maturation

Back 28

three systems of primary growth complete their differentiation and become functionally mature

Front 29

stele

Back 29

in roots procambium gives rise to this central cylinder of vascular tissue in which xylem and phloem both develop

Front 30

pericycle

Back 30

outer most layer of stele

Front 31

endodermis

Back 31

a ring one cell thick that separates the cortex from the stele

Front 32

guard cell

Back 32

flank stomata and open and close it

Front 33

where is ground tissue in leaves

Back 33

sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis in the mesophyll

Front 34

parenchyma cells

Back 34

sites of photosynthesis in mesophyll

Front 35

two lateral meristems that take part in plant growth

Back 35

1. vascular cambium produces secondary xylem (wood)
2. cork cambium - produces a tough covering that replaces epidermis

Front 36

what happens early in secondary growth?

Back 36

the epidermis dries up and is replaced by cork cambium which produces cork cells

Front 37

periderm

Back 37

cork + cork cambium

Front 38

lenticels

Back 38

opening, or splits in the cork cambiam, that enable the cells withing the trunk to exchange gases with the outside and continue cell respiration

Front 39

bark

Back 39

all the tissue outside the the vascular cambium

Front 40

how does growth in plants occur

Back 40

by cell elongation, expansion, and division

Front 41

three kinds of transport in plants

Back 41

1. uptake and loss of water and minerals from individual cells, for instance in a root cell or leaf cell
2. transport of substances short distance from cell to cell
3. transport of sap within the xylem and phloem throughout the entire plant

Front 42

how is the uptake of water across cell membranes achieved in plants

Back 42

osmosis

Front 43

water potential

Back 43

combined effects of solute concentration and the pressure that the cell wall contributes

Front 44

turgor pressure

Back 44

pressure exerted against cell wall when it is filled with water

Front 45

aquaporins

Back 45

channels in the plant cell walls specifically designed for the passage of water.

Front 46

tonoplasts

Back 46

surrounds vacuoles + regulates molecules going into and out of vacuole

Front 47

symplast

Back 47

is a continuum of cytoplasm that is connected by plasmodesmata btwn cells

Front 48

apoplast

Back 48

nonliving continuum that is formed by extracellular pathway, formed by the continuous matrix of cell walls

water flows through both the apo and sym plast

Front 49

bulk flow

Back 49

movement of water through the plant by pressure

Front 50

root hairs

Back 50

where most water absorption occurs near the tip in roots

Front 51

mycorrhizae

Back 51

roots associated with symbiotic fungi, absorb water and certain minerals

Front 52

what must water and minerals in root cortex in order to enter rest of plant

Back 52

endodermis

Front 53

casparian strip

Back 53

contained in endodermis, prevents substances from going around the cells

Front 54

transpiration

Back 54

loss of water vapor from leaves and other parts of plant in contact with air

Front 55

two ways in which water is pulled up the plant

Back 55

1. root pressure- water flowing from root cortex generates positive pressure that forces fluid up through xylem
2. transpiration-cohesion-tension-meachanism - water is lost through the leaves of the plant creates a negative pressure which draws water up through the plant

Front 56

chemistry of TCTN

Back 56

cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding enables it to form a column which is drawn up through xylem with the help of cohesion

Front 57

guard cell

Back 57

control the size of the opening in the stomata and therefore regulates the plant water intake

Front 58

three factors influencing the opening and closing of stomata

Back 58

light, depletion of CO2 in the airspaces of the leaf, and the internal clock of guard cells

Front 59

what caries food from sugar source

Back 59

sieve tubes

Front 60

sugar sink

Back 60

an organ that consumes sugar

Front 61

bulk flow

Back 61

major part of transpiration in phloem, loading of sugar into cells creates a high solute concentration at the source end of the sieve tube, this lowers the water potential and causes water to flow in the tube

Front 62

macronutrients

Back 62

9 nutrients required by plant in great amounts, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, pottasium, calcium, magnesium

Front 63

micronutrients

Back 63

8 needed in small amounts,

Front 64

essential nutrients

Back 64

those the plants need to complete the life cycle

Front 65

topsoil

Back 65

mixture of particulus from rock, living organisms, and humus (partialy decayed organic material)

Front 66

what must happen for plants to absorb N2

Back 66

must be converted into NH4 + or NO3-

Front 67

main source of nitrogen for plants

Back 67

decomposition of humus by microbes

Front 68

nitrogen-fixing-bacteria

Back 68

convert N2 to NH3 in the process of nitrogen fixation

Front 69

nodules

Back 69

swelling of plant roots, specifically legume roots that are composed of plant cells containing nitrogen fixing bacteria

Front 70

parasitic plants

Back 70

misltoe, relies on other plants for nutrition, not photosynthetic

Front 71

epiphytes

Back 71

not parasitic, just grow on surface of other plants

Front 72

carnivorous plants

Back 72

are photosynthetic but get some nitrogen and other minerals by digesting small animals

Front 73

Angiosperm reproduction terms

Back 73

sepals - protect the floral bud before it opens
petals - attract insects and other polinators
staments- male reproductive organs-contain anther and filament (stem)
carpals- female reproductive organs - ovary, ovule, style (stem) stigma (polinated)

Front 74

monoecious

Back 74

species have staminate and carpalet flowers located on the same plant

Front 75

dioecious

Back 75

species have staminate flowers and carpalate flowers on different plants

Front 76

microsporocytes

Back 76

diploid cells in the sporangia of anther, undergo meioses to produce four haploid microspores, become haploid male gametophytes

Front 77

ovules

Back 77

each contain a single sporangium containing a megasporocyte which undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores. In many angiosperls, only one of the megaspores survives and produces the ovule

Front 78

self incompatibility

Back 78

mehod in which self-fertilization is prevented to promote genetic variety, in which plant can reject pollen of its self or closely related individual

Front 79

pollen tube

Back 79

pollen grain lands on stigma germinates and produces this, that extends toward ovary

Front 80

what happens next

Back 80

one sperm fertilizes the egg to form 2n embryo, other combines with two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus, eventually giving rise to the endosper, which nurishes plant embryo

Front 81

double fertilization

Back 81

process of forming an embryo and endosperms

Front 82

what happens after double fertilization

Back 82

ovule develops into a seed, ovary develops into a fruit which encloses the seed

Front 83

dormancy

Back 83

seed enter when mature, low metabolic rate and growth and development are suspended

Front 84

Asexual reproduction

Back 84

produces clones, also know as vegetative reproduction,
fragmentation occurs
pieces of parent plant break off forming new individuals who are exact replicas
many plants capable of both

Front 85

hormones

Back 85

chemical messengers that act to coordinate the different parts of an organism
produced by one part of the body and transported to another

Front 86

tropism

Back 86

growth response results in plant growing toward or away from stimulus

Front 87

phototropism

Back 87

growth of a shoot in a certain direction as a response to light

positive = towards light
negative= away from light

Front 88

overview of plant hormones

Back 88

ddd

Front 89

auxin (IAA)

Back 89

where plant grows, stimulates stem elongation, root growth, cell differentialation, and branching,
regulates development of fruit, enhanves apical dominance, functions in phototropism and gravitropism

Front 90

cytokinins

Back 90

in roots, affect root growth and differentiation stimulates cell division and growth, stimulates germination, delays senescence

Front 91

gibberellins

Back 91

where plant grows, promotes seed and bud germination, stem elongation and leaf growth, stimulates flowering and development of fruit, effects root growth and differentiation

Front 92

abscisic acid

Back 92

leaves, stems, roots, green fruit, inhibits growth, closes stomata during water stress, counteracts breaking of dormancy

Front 93

ethylene

Back 93

tissues of ripening fruit, nodes of stems, aging leaves and flowers, promotes fruit ripening, opposes some auxin effects, promotes or inhibits growth and development of everything depending on species

Front 94

bassinosteroids

Back 94

everywhere except roots, inhibits root growth; retards leaf abscission; promotes xylem differentiation

Front 95

photomorphogenesis

Back 95

the effects of light on plant morphology

Front 96

three different pigments detecting blue light (blue light has the greatest effect on plant growth and movement)

Back 96

cryptochromes, phototropin, zeaxanthin

Front 97

phytochromes

Back 97

pigments involved in many of plants response to light

Front 98

circadian rythms

Back 98

physiological cycles that have a frequency of about 24 hours, not paced by known environmental variable

Front 99

photoperiodism

Back 99

physiological response to a photoperiod, like flowering

Front 100

short- day plants

Back 100

require a period of light shorter than a certain critical length in order to flower

Front 101

long day plants

Back 101

flower in the late spring or early summer- they require the most daylight to flwer

Front 102

day neutral plants

Back 102

can flower in days of any length

Front 103

gravitropism

Back 103

plants response to gravity, roots show positive gravitropism, and stems show negative

Front 104

thigmomorphogenesis

Back 104

the change in form of a plant resulting from mechanical disturbance

Front 105

thigmotropism

Back 105

directional growth in plant in response to a touch

Front 106

drought

Back 106

guard cells lose turgor, causing stomata to close
young leaves stop growing and role into shape preventing transpiration from occuring as quickly
deep roots continue to grow while those near surface dont

Front 107

flood

Back 107

certain cells in root cortex die creating air tubes enabling plant cell to continue respiration

Front 108

heat stress

Back 108

plants produce heat-shock-proteins which perform an unknown function in the cell

Front 109

cold

Back 109

plants respond by altering composition of their cell membranes

Front 110

predators

Back 110

thorns, distasteful chemicals, poisonous compounds, airborne attractants that bring other animals to kill herbivores

Front 111

viruses

Back 111

epidermal layer, plant is able to recognize pathogens and deal with them in complex biochemical ways

Front 112

C3 plant

Back 112

A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

Front 113

C4 plant

Back 113

A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.

Front 114

CAM plant

Back 114

A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.