Ap Bio Chapter 5

Front 1

Polymer

Back 1

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Front 2

Monomers

Back 2

the smaller, repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Front 3

Enzymes

Back 3

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions (proteins)

Front 4

Dehydration Reaction

Back 4

Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule (a.k.a. synthesis reaction, anabolic, condensation)

Front 5

Hydrolysis

Back 5

Process that disassembles polymers, means to break using water (a.k.a. decomposition reaction, catabolic, digestion)

Front 6

Carbohydrates

Back 6

include both sugars and polymers of sugars, ratio of two hydrogen to each oxygen (contain only C, H, and O)

Front 7

Monosaccharides

Back 7

simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer larger saccharides. The molecular formulas are generally some multiple of CH2O (Carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups, is either an aldehyde or ketone)

Front 8

Disaccharide

Back 8

consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Front 9

Glycosidic linkage

Back 9

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Front 10

Polysaccharides

Back 10

macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Front 11

Starch

Back 11

Stored by plants, a polymer of glucose (alpha) monomers, as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, doesn't attract water

Front 12

Maltose

Back 12

A disaccharide made up of two glucose units (joined number 1 and number 4 carbon)

Front 13

Sucrose

Back 13

A disaccharide made up of a glucose and fructose unit, table sugar

Front 14

Lactose

Back 14

A disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose

Front 15

Amyloplasts

Back 15

colorless plastids that store starch

Front 16

Glycogen

Back 16

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

Front 17

Cellulose

Back 17

a polysaccharide that is a major component of all plant tissues and fibers, especially the tough walls that enclose plant cells (beta glucose units) insoluble, undigestible, aka fiber

Front 18

Chitin

Back 18

structural polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi and found in the external skeletons of arthropods

Front 19

Lipids

Back 19

do not include true polymers, generally not considered macromolecules, made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes (do not mix well, if at all, with water)

Front 20

Fat

Back 20

constructed from the glycerol alcohol and three fatty acids

Front 21

Fatty Acids

Back 21

long carbon skeleton (usually 16 to 18 carbon atoms in length) contains a carboxyl group, relatively non-polar

Front 22

Triacylglycerol

Back 22

three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, also known as triglyceride

Front 23

Esther Linkage

Back 23

Covalent bond between hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

Front 24

Saturated Fatty Acid

Back 24

hydrocarbon chain structure contains no double bonds, saturated with hydrogen, solid at room temperature

Front 25

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Back 25

hydrocarbon chain structure containing one or more (poly-) double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom for each double-bonded carbon causing a kink in the hydrocarbon chain, liquid at room temperature, oils

Front 26

Trans Fat

Back 26

result of hydrogenated vegetable oils creating trans double bonds instead of cis double bonds

Front 27

Phospholipids

Back 27

only has two fatty acids attached to a glycerol , which is attached to a phosphate group, has a negative electrical charge creating a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, make up cell membranes

Front 28

Steroids

Back 28

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Front 29

Cholesterol

Back 29

crucial molecule in animals, component of animal membranes, precursor from which other steroids are synthesized (in liver and obtained from the diet)

Front 30

Polypeptides

Back 30

polymers of amino acids

Front 31

Catalysts

Back 31

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction, enzymatic proteins

Front 32

Protein

Back 32

functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure (HCNO sometimes S)

Front 33

Amino Acid

Back 33

organic molecule possessing a central (alpha) carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group (there are 20 amino acids/R groups)

Front 34

Peptide Bond

Back 34

the bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, joined through a dehydration reaction forming a covalent bond

Front 35

Frederick Sanger

Back 35

pioneer in determining the amino acid sequence of proteins through insulin

Front 36

Primary Structure

Back 36

linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence

Front 37

Secondary Structure

Back 37

alpha helix or beta pleated sheets resulting from hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

Front 38

Tertiary Structure

Back 38

overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino groups (disulfide bridges (covalent bonds) and hydrophobic interactions (van der Waals) hydrogen bonds between polar side chains, ionic bonds between between charged chains)

Front 39

Quaternary Structure

Back 39

overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits

Front 40

Denaturation

Back 40

unraveling of a protein so it loses its native shape, occurs due to changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental changes

Front 41

Chaperonins

Back 41

protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

Front 42

Gene

Back 42

consist of DNA, unique units of inheritance that provide the codes for the amino acid sequence of polypeptides

Front 43

Nucleic Acids

Back 43

polymers made up of monomers called nucleotides

Front 44

Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA)

Back 44

inherited from parents, present in all cells, directs RNA synthesis and through it protein synthesis, lacking oxygen

Front 45

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Back 45

direct production of a polypeptide, contains U nitrogenous base

Front 46

Polynucleotides

Back 46

polymers of nucleotides

Front 47

Nucleotides

Back 47

composed of three parts, nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups (contain CHON and P)

Front 48

Pyrimidine

Back 48

one family of nitrogenous bases, has six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (C, T, and U)

Front 49

Purines

Back 49

one family of nitrogenous bases, large, six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring (A, G)

Front 50

Prime Carbon

Back 50

5th or 3rd carbon not attached to nitrogenous base, mark the ends of polynucleotides

Front 51

Double Helix

Back 51

formed by DNA strands spiraled around an imaginary axis

Front 52

Antiparallel

Back 52

arrangement of opposite running sugar-phosphate backbones in DNA