Ap Bio Hand Book Chapter 4&5

Front 1

What is a chromatin

Back 1

Is the complex of DNA and protein housed in the nucleus that is formed from the chromosomes what does the

Front 2

What does the nuclear envelope have

Back 2

Nuclear envelope has pote structures that regulate what may enter or leave the nucleus.

Front 3

What is the nucleolus

Back 3

A region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA Is synthesized and complexes with proteins to form ribosomal subunits.

Front 4

What are desmosomes

Back 4

Fastened adjacent animal cells together, functioning like rivers to fasten cells into strong sheets

Front 5

what are Gap junctions

Back 5

Provide channels between adjacent animal cells through which ions, sugars, communication molecules and other small molecules can pass

Front 6

Which molecule can’t can’t easily enter the cell? Which molecule Can and why?

Back 6

1. Hydrophilic molecules can’t enter the cell easily

2. Hydrophobic molecules Can because of the selective permeable plasma membrane.

Front 7

The protein that are embedded in the membrane what do they do.

Back 7

They serve as transport channels to move materials across the hydrophobic interior to bind to signaling molecules (ligands)

Front 8

What is a peripheral protein and what is an example of a loose protein

Back 8

1. They are protein loosely bound to the membrane’s surface.

2. G protein is a loose protein

Front 9

How can a G protein move along the membrane

Back 9

It can move across the membrane if a ligand binds with a G protein- coupled receptor

Front 10

What can nonpolar molecules do

Back 10

The molecule is hydrophobic this it can dissolve in the hydrophobic interior in the phospholipid bilayer and cross the membrane easily

Front 11

How to hydrophilic pass through

Back 11

Hydrophilic substances can avoid the lipid bilayer by passing through transport proteins than span the membrane

Front 12

What does water move through

Back 12

Water moves through special transport proteins called aquaporin

Front 13

Which hydrophobic substances can pass easily across the membrane by passive diffusion

Back 13

Hydrocarbons , Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Can pass through passive diffusion

Front 14

What is the diffusion of water moved across a selectively permeable membrane

Back 14

Ósmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 15

Describe a isotonic solution

Back 15

1. There is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane

2. Water crossed the membrane at the same rate in both directions

Front 16

What describe a hypertonic solution

Back 16

A cell will lose water to it’s surrounds. There is more solutes in the water around the cell. In this case the cell loses water to the environment, shrivels, May die

Front 17

Describe a hypotonic solution

Back 17

Water will enter the cell faster than it leaves. Fewer diluted in the water around the cell. The solutes are more heavily concentrated which causes the cell to swell and may burst.

Front 18

Where does water move from

Back 18

Water moves from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.

Front 19

What is facilitated diffusion

Back 19

The process by which ions and hydrophilic substances diffuse across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins

Front 20

What are the two ways facilitated diffusion transports ions and hydrophilic substances

Back 20

1. They provide a hydrophilic channel through which the molecules can pass

2. They bind loosely to the molecules and carry them through the membrane

Front 21

Describe active transport

Back 21

Active transport substances are moved against their concentration gradient. That is from lower concentration to higher concentration. This transport requires ATP energy

Front 22

What is an example of active transport? And what is the example necessary for.

Back 22

1. An example of active transport is sodium potassium pump

2. It is necessary for proper nerve transmission.

Front 23

What is a chemical force

Back 23

The Jon’s concentration gradient

Front 24

What is voltage gradient

Back 24

Across the membrane attract positively charged ions and repels negatively charged ions

Front 25

What two forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane

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Because of membrane potential the inside of the cell that is negatively charged and the positively charged ions on the outside such as sodium are attracted to the negative charges inside the cell. Which drives the two forces

Front 26

What is membrane potential

Back 26

It is the difference in electric charge across a membrane that is expressed in voltage

Front 27

Front (Term)

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Represents ATP and molecules being moved against a concentration gradient

Front 28

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Figure 1 represents simple diffusion

Front 29

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Figure 2 represents facilitated diffusion with a channel protein

Front 30

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Figure 3 represents facilitated diffusion with a carrier protein

Front 31

Predict the effect of additional triangle shaped molecules to the lower portion of Diagram A would have on the net movement of molecules through figure 2

Back 31

The net movement of molecules through figure 2 would stop when there are more molecules in the lower compartment as molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration

Of

Front 32

Describe exocytosis

Back 32

Vesicles from the cell’s interior dude with the cell membrane expelling their contents

Front 33

Describe Endocytosis

Back 33

The cell forms new vesicles from the plasma membrane. This process allows the cell to take in macromolecules

Front 34

What is an example of endocytosis

Back 34

Engulfing of foreign particles by white blood cells or amoebas.

Front 35

What is reception

Back 35

The target cell’s detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell

Front 36

What is transduction

Back 36

The conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

Front 37

What is response

Back 37

The specific cellular response to the signal molecule

Front 38

Where are intracellular receptors at

Back 38

Are found inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm or nucleus the signal molecule must cross the plasma and therefore must be hydrophobic like the steroid hormone testosterone.

Front 39

What do plasma membrane receptor do

Back 39

Bind to water- soluble ligands

Front 40

What is a G-coupled receptor

Back 40

A membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein

Front 41

What are receptor tyrosine kinases

Back 41

Are a second type of membrane protein

Front 42

What do specific signal molecules cause

Back 42

They cause ligand-gated ion channels in a membrane to open or close, regulating the flow of specific ions.

Front 43

What is a protein phosphatases

Back 43

Are enzymes that remove phosphate groups and inactivate proteins that were activated by kinases

Front 44

What is the signal turned off by and what is the signal turned on by

Back 44

1. The signal is turned on by kinases

2. Turned off by phosphatases

Front 45

What are the two common second messengers

Back 45

1. Calcium ions are second messengers

2. Cyclic AMP is another common second messengers

Front 46

What happens during apoptosis

Back 46

The cell is systematically dismantled and digested ( This protects neighboring cells from damage)

Front 47

What is apoptosis essential for

Back 47

A normal nervous system, for the operation of the immune system, and for normal morphogenetic of hands and feet in humans

Front 48

What is the cell cycle

Back 48

Is the life of a cell from the time it is formed from a dividing parent cell until it’s own division into two cells

Front 49

What must be copied before a cell can divide

Back 49

The cell’s genome needs to be copied

Front 50

How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell have?

Back 50

46 chromosomes

Front 51

What is the process of mitosis

Back 51

Somatic cell’s divide, forming daughter cells that contain the same chromosome number as the parent cell

Front 52

What are human gametes

Back 52

Sperm and egg cells are haploid and have half the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell

Front 53

How many chromosomes do human gametes have

Back 53

Human gametes have 23 chromosomes

Front 54

What is meiosis

Back 54

A special type of cell division that results in gametes

Front 55

What does each duplicated chromosome contain

Back 55

They consist two sister chromatically attaches by te centromere

Front 56

What is mitosis

Back 56

Is the division of the cell’s nucleus

Front 57

What is cytokinesis

Back 57

The division of the cell’s cytoplasm

Front 58

What are the primary events of Interphase

Back 58

1. G1 phase: the cell grows while carrying out cell functions unique to its cell type

2. S phase: the cell continues to carry out to its unique functions it also duplicates its chromosomes.

3. G2 phase: is the period after the chromosomes have been duplicated and just before mitosis. The cell continues to grow and carry out its functions during this time.

Front 59

What happens during prophase

Back 59

1. Chromosomes become more tightly coiled into discreet chromosomes

2. Nucleoli disappear

3. The mitotic spindle ( consisting of microtubules extending from the two centrosomes) begins to form in the cytoplasm

Front 60

What happens during prometaphase

Back 60

1. The nuclear envelope begins to fragment allowing the microtubules to attach to the chromosomes

2. The two chromatids of each chromosome are held together by the centromere. The centromere contains protein kinetochores on each chromatid where the microtubules attach

Front 61

What happens in Metaphase

Back 61

1. The microtubules move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate at the equator of the cell. The microtubule complex is referred to as the spindle

2. The centrioles have migrated to opposite poles in the cell riding along on the developing spindle

Front 62

What happens during anaphase

Back 62

1. Sister chromatids begin to separate pulled apart by motor molecules interacting with kinetochore microtubules and the cell elongates

2. By the end of anaphase the opposite ends of the cell both contain complete and equal sets of chromosomes.

Front 63

What happens during telophase

Back 63

1. The nuclear envelopes reform around the sets of chromosomes locate at opposite ends of the cell

2. The chromatin fiber of the chromosomes becomes less condensed

Front 64

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Model of G2 interphase

Front 65

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Model of prophase

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Model of prometaphase

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Diagram of metaphase

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Diagram of anaphase

Front 69

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Diagram of telophase and cytokinesis

Front 70

What happens during Cytokinesis

Back 70

Begins during which the cytoplasm if the cell is divided. In animal cells, a cleave furrow forms that eventually divides the cytoplasm in plant cells. A cell plate forms that divides the cytoplasm

Front 71

How do prokaryotes replicate their genome

Back 71

They replicate their genome by binary fission

Front 72

What is the G0 phase

Back 72

It is a non dividing phase for cells that didn’t get the go ahead signal either one of the checkpoints

Front 73

What is kinases

Back 73

Enzymes that control the cell cycle

Front 74

How does the cell stop cell division

Back 74

During anaphase MPF switches itself off by starting a process that leads to the destruction of cyclin molecules.

Front 75

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Step2: The G protein binds to a specific enzyme and activated it when the enzyme is activated, it can trigger the next step in a pathway leading to a cellular response. All the molecular shape changes are temporary to continue the cellular response new signal molecules are required

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What is density dependent inhibition

Back 81

The phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

Front 82

What is Anchorage dependency

Back 82

In which normal cells must be attached to a substratum such as the extracellular matrix of tissue to divide

Front 83

What is transformation

Back 83

The process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell

Front 84

When do you call a tumor benign

Back 84

When the abnormal cells remain at the original site

Front 85

What is a tumor

Back 85

A mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue

Front 86

What is a malignant tumor

Back 86

Becomes invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs

Front 87

How do you activate a G protein

Back 87

When a ligand bind to a G-protein-coupled receptor it causes a change to be able to bind to a inactive G protein causing GTP to displace GDP. This activated the G protein

Front 88

What are three examples of chemical signaling pathways

Back 88

1. G-protein-coupled receptor

2. Ligand-gated Ion channels

3. Receptor tyrosine kinases

Front 89

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Step 1: the ligand or signaling molecule has bound to the G-protein-coupled receptor. This cause a conformational change in the receptor so that it may now bind to an inactive G protein causing a GTP to displace GDP this activated the G protein

Front 90

How does the cell stop cell division

Back 90

During anaphase MPF switches itself off by starting a process that leads to the destruction of cyclin molecules.

Front 91

Front (Term)

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Step2: The G protein binds to a specific enzyme and activated it when the enzyme is activated, it can trigger the next step in a pathway leading to a cellular response. All the molecular shape changes are temporary to continue the cellular response new signal molecules are required

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Front 97

What is density dependent inhibition

Back 97

The phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

Front 98

What is Anchorage dependency

Back 98

In which normal cells must be attached to a substratum such as the extracellular matrix of tissue to divide

Front 99

Front (Term)

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Step 1: the ligand or signaling molecule has bound to the G-protein-coupled receptor. This cause a conformational change in the receptor so that it may now bind to an inactive G protein causing a GTP to displace GDP this activated the G protein

Front 100

Front (Term)

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Step2: The G protein binds to a specific enzyme and activated it when the enzyme is activated, it can trigger the next step in a pathway leading to a cellular response. All the molecular shape changes are temporary to continue the cellular response new signal molecules are required

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