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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic Chemistry
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chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds
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Stanley Miller
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set up closed system experiment to mimic conditions thought to have existed on early Earth, discovered that some organic molecules that are common in organisms were created
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Valences
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Basis for rules of covalent bonding in organic chemistry
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Hydrocarbon
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organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen, non-polar, hydrophobic
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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a nucleotide derived from adenosine, contains 3 phosphates bonded to each other, produced by cellular respiration, transports potential to react with water and release energy
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Isomers
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compounds that have the sane numbers of atoms if the same elements but in different structures with different properties
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Structural Isomers
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differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms, may also differ in location of double bonds (straight and branched)
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cis (same)-trans (opposite) Isomers
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carbons have covalent bones to the same atoms, but atoms differ in spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds,
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Enantiomers
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isomers that are mirror images of each other, differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon (attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms) usually only one i biologically active
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Functional Groups
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affect by changing the molecular shape, or are directly involved in chemical reactions
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Hydroxyl Group
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-OH, differs from hydroxide ion, alcohols, polar, can form hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugar, hydrophilic
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Carbonyl Group
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>C=O, carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double bond, ketone if within carbon skeleton, aldehyde if is at the end, hydrophylic
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Carboxyl Group
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-COOH, oxygen double bonded to carbon, bonded to OH group, carboxylic acid, can donate H+ because covalent bond b/w O and H is so polar, hydrophilic
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Amino Group
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-NH2, consists of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms, Amines, acts as a base, can pick up a H+ from surrounding solution, hydrophilic
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Sulfyhydryl
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-SH, consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an oxygen, Thiols, two can react and form a covalent bond (cross-linking in protein), hydrophilic
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Phosphate Group
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(-OPO3)-2, phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, one of which is bonded to the carbon skeleton, carries negative charge, organic phosphates, contributes negative charge to molecule, molecules containing them have potential to react with water and release energy, hydrophilic
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Methyl
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-CH3, consists of a carbon bounded to three hydrogen atoms, methylated compounds, affects expression of genes if bounded to DNA, hydrophobic
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