Ap Bio Chapter 20

Front 1

Recombinant DNA

Back 1

nucleotide sequences from two different sources, often two species, are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule

Front 2

Genetic engineering

Back 2

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Front 3

Biotechnology

Back 3

the manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products

Front 4

DNA cloning

Back 4

the process of working directly with specific genes, scientists prepare well-defined segments of DNA in identical copies

Front 5

Plasmids

Back 5

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

Front 6

Gene cloning

Back 6

involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene

Front 7

Restriction enzymes

Back 7

cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites

Front 8

Restriction sites

Back 8

specific DNA sequences where DNA molecules are cut up by bacterial restriction enzymes

Front 9

Restriction fragments

Back 9

a restriction enzyme usually makes many cuts, yielding this

Front 10

"Sticky ends"

Back 10

the most useful restriction enzymes cut DNA in a staggered way, producing fragments with this

Front 11

DNA ligase

Back 11

an enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments

Front 12

Cloning vector

Back 12

in gene cloning, the original plasmid, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there

Front 13

Genomic library

Back 13

is made using bacteria, the collection of recombinant vector clones produced by cloning DNA fragments from an entire genome

Front 14

Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)

Back 14

large plasmid that has been trimmed down and can carry a large DNA insert

Front 15

Complementary DNA (cDNA) library

Back 15

made by cloning DNA made in vitro by reverse transcription of all the mRNA produced by a particular cell

Front 16

cDNA library

Back 16

represents only part pf the genome—only the subset of genes transcribed into mRNA in the original cells

Front 17

Nucleic acid probe

Back 17

a clone carrying the gene of interest can be identified with this, having a sequence complementary to the gene

Front 18

Nucleic acid hybridization

Back 18

the process of a clone carrying the gene of interest being identified by nucleic acid probe having a sequence complementary to the gene

Front 19

Expression vector

Back 19

to overcome differences in promoters and other DNA control sequences, a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter

Front 20

Electoporation

Back 20

One method of introducing recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells, applying a brief electrical pulse to create temporary holes in plasma membranes

Front 21

Polymerase chain reaction, PCR

Back 21

can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA

Front 22

RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms)

Back 22

sequence changes that alter restriction sites

Front 23

Southern blotting

Back 23

combines gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments with nucleic acid hybridization

Front 24

Northern blotting

Back 24

combines gel electrophoresis of mRNA followed by hybridization with a probe on a membrane

Front 25

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

Back 25

quicker and more sensitive because it requires less mRNA than Northern blotting

Front 26

In situ hybridization

Back 26

uses florescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of specific mRNAs in place in the intact organism

Front 27

DNA microarray assays

Back 27

compare patterns of gene expression in different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions

Front 28

In vitro mutagenesis

Back 28

mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, altering or destroying its function

Front 29

RNA interference (RNAi)

Back 29

gene expression can also be silenced using this

Front 30

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorpisms)

Back 30

genetic markers, occur on average every 100-300 base pairs