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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ecology |
the study of behavior |
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behavior |
defined as observable and coordinated responses to environmental stimuli results of genetic and environmental factors |
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innate behavior |
inherited, 'instinctive', automatic, consistent behaviors with the animal from the beginning and cannot be changed or manipulated (ex: grasping reflex in babies) |
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learned behavior |
develops during the animal's lifetime, variable, flexible, can change with experience and environment
developed over the animal's life and can be changed/manipulated (ex: conditioning) |
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proximate causes of behavioral analysis |
immediate stimulus and mechanism genetic and environmental interaction sensory motor mechanisms "how and "what" questions |
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ultimate causes of behavioral analysis |
evolutionary significance how does behavior contribute to survival and reproduction "why" questions |
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developmentally fixed innate behaviors |
taxis kinesis migration FAP animal signals and communication |
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taxis |
automatic response towards or away from a stimulus (toward positive and away from negative) phototaxis chemotaxis not random |
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kinesis |
change in the activity in the rate of the stimulus random |
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FAP (fixed action pattern) |
unlearned usually carries to completion triggered by a sign stimulus (ex is video with fish and red bellies) |
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migration (complex innate behavior) |
"migratory restlessness" seen in birds held in captivity learned, but how to learn is innate celestial navigation- sun, stars, magnetic fields ` |
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circadian rhythm |
physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle
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drosophila |
normal clock is 24.2 hours human is 24 |
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diurnal |
active during the day |
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nocturnal |
active during hours of darkness |
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biological clock |
no single mechanism- all interaction of a number of biochemical process pineal gland is thought to play a role in timing of rats, birds, and other vertebrates in other mammals hypothalamus |
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endogenous clock |
internal component to biological clock |
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exogenous clock |
external component to biological clock |
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communication |
pheromones auditory tactile visual song |
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pheromones
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chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals
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auditory |
faster than chemical and also effective both night and day (can be modified by loudness, pattern, duration, and repetition) |
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song |
bird-learned and innate insect- innate |
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tactile |
when one animal touches another |
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visual |
species that are active during the day |
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learned behavior- modified behaviors by experience |
habituation imprinting associative learning (classical and operant) cognition |
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habituation |
loss of response to stimulus "cry-wolf" effect decrease in response to repeated occurrences of stimulus |
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imprinting |
learning to form social attachments at a specific critical period |
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operate conditioning |
trial and error learning associate behavior with reward or punishment |
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classical conditioning |
associate stimuli with reward or punishment |
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cognition |
ability for nervous system to store, perceive, and process information |
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social behaviors |
agonistic dominance cooperation altruistic |
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dominance hierarchy |
social ranking within a group |
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dominance hierarchies |
higher ranking animal gets best and most resources |
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altruistic behavior |
reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of others in a population |
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kin selection |
increasing survival of close relatives passes these genes on to the next generation |
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life |
organized cells respond to stimuli regulate internal processes use energy to grow develop reproduce |
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origin of life is a hypothesis |
special creation extraterrestrial origin spontaneous abiotic origin |
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origin of organic molecules |
Oparin and Haldane proprose reducing atmosphere hypothesis Miller and Urey test hypothesis |
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Stanley Miller |
produced amino acids, hydrocarbons, nitrogen bases, other organics |
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RNA |
likely to be first genetic material multi-functional codes information enzyme functions regulatory molecule transport molecule |
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prokaryotes |
dominated life on earth 3.5-2.0 bya |
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stromatolites |
fossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies |
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first eukaryotes |
development of internal membranes |
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endosymbiosis |
origin of mitochondria origin of eukaryotes |
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theory of endosymbiosis |
structural- mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure genetic-mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, like bacteria functional- mitochondria and chloroplasts move freely and reproduce independently |
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cambrian explosion |
diversification of animals |
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classifying life |
molecular data challenges the 5 kingdoms |
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3 domains |
bacteria archaea eukarya |
