Ap #3 Test

Front 1

The CNS is comprised of what 2 things?

Back 1

1. Brain
2. Spinal cord

Front 2

The brain contains how many neurons?

Back 2

100 billion neurons

Front 3

The nervous system is comprised of what 2 systems?

Back 3

1. CNS
2. PNS

Front 4

What is the PNS comprised of?

Back 4

nerves that enter and exit the CNS.

Front 5

What is the somatic nervous system comprised of?

Back 5

involved with somatic sensation (touch, limb movement, pain) and control of skeletal muscle contraction.

Front 6

What are the 2 types of nerves in the somatic nervous system?

Back 6

1. somatic sensory nerves
2. motor nerves

Front 7

Where do somatic sensory nerves travel to and from?

Back 7

They travel from the peripheral tissues (skin, muscle and joints) to the spinal cord.

Front 8

Where do motor nerves travel to and from?

Back 8

Motor nerves travel from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles.

Front 9

What is the Autonomic Nervous System involved with?

Back 9

Regulation of the internal environment (control of BP, respiration, body temperature)

Front 10

What are the 2 branches of the ANS?

Back 10

1. sympathetic nervous system
2. parasympathetic nervous system

Front 11

What are the 3 major anatomical divisions of the brain? (lowest to highest)

Back 11

1. Hindbrain
2. midbrain (mesencephalon)
3. forebrain

Front 12

what are the 3 divisions of the hindbrain? (lowest to highest)

Back 12

1. medulla
2. pons
3. cerebellum-attached to the pons

Front 13

what are the 3 divisions of the forebrain? (lowest to highest)

Back 13

1. diencephalon
2. thalamus
3. hypothalamus

Front 14

what are the 3 regions of the telencephalon? (lowest to highest)

Back 14

1. basal ganglia
2. regions associated with the limbic system (group of brain structures that produce emotions and motivation)
3. cerebral cortex

Front 15

what are the 3 regions of the limbic system?

Back 15

1. amygdala
2. hippocampus
3. limbic cortex

Front 16

what are the 3 regions of the cerebral cortex?

Back 16

1. motor cortex
2. somatic sensory cortex
3. association cortex

Front 17

what are the 4 regions of the brainstem?

Back 17

1. medulla
2. pons
3. midbrain
4. reticular formation

Front 18

what 2 nerve tracts does the medulla contain?

Back 18

1. ascending
2. descending

Front 19

What two types of important nuclei does the medulla contain?

Back 19

1. cardiovascular centers-control heart rate and BP
2. respiratory centers-control activity of respiratory muscles

Front 20

What are the 2 "portions" of the Pons?

Back 20

1. Dorsal portion
2. Basal portion

Front 21

What does the dorsal portion of the pons contain?

Back 21

nerve tracts and nuclei

Front 22

what is the locus coeruleus of the dorsal portion of the pons?

Back 22

it is an important nucleus in the pons.

Front 23

where is the locus coeruleus contained in the brain?

Back 23

in the dorsal portion of the pons

Front 24

axons project from the locus coeruleus neurons to what 3 areas of the brain?

Back 24

1. hypothalamus
2. thalamus
3. cerebral cortex

Front 25

what plays a role in the arousal of the higher brain areas of the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebral cortex?

Back 25

the locus coeruleus

Front 26

the depletion of what neurotransmitter may play a role in depression?

Back 26

the depletion of the neurotransmitter: norepinephrine in neurons of the locus coeruleus

Front 27

The basal portion of the pons provides connection between what hemispheres in the brain? what are these connections essential for?

Back 27

The basal portion of the pons provides connections between the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and the contralateral hemispheres of the cerebellum. These connections are essential for control of motor activities.

Front 28

What 2 things does the midbrain contain?

Back 28

1. nerve tracts
2. nuclei

Front 29

what 2 nuclei are contained in the midbrain?

Back 29

1. the substantia nigra
2. the red nucleus

Front 30

patients with parkinsons disease show degeneration of what neurons?

Back 30

Degeneration of substantia nigra neurons

Front 31

where is the red nucleus located?

Back 31

located in the midbrain

Front 32

what does the red nucleus closely with?

Back 32

works closely with the cerebellum in certain aspects of motor control.

Front 33

What is the reticular formation?

Back 33

it extends throughout the brainstem. it includes numerous nuclei as well as a diffuse network of neurons not included in specific nuclei or nerve tracts.

Front 34

The reticular formation receives information from what systems? (5)

Back 34

The sensory systems.
1. pain
2. temperature
3. touch
4. pressure
5. sensory endings in the viscera.

Front 35

what activates the reticular formation neurons?

Back 35

Sensory input

Front 36

Reticular formation neurons project to what 3 areas?

Back 36

1. thalamus
2. limbic system
3. cerebral cortex

Front 37

what is the RAS or reticular activating system?

Back 37

provides a background excitation of the higher brain areas.
It is where reticular formation neurons project axons to the thalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex.

Front 38

the reticular formation receives input from where?

Back 38

The cerebral cortex

Front 39

Thoughts and motor activity generated in the cerebral cortex stimulate what?

Back 39

The RAS

Front 40

what action do barbiturates have on reticular formation?

Back 40

they have a specific depressant action on the RAS and thus can depress cortical activity and even cause sleep.

Front 41

excess activity in the RAS may trigger what?

Back 41

a generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure

Front 42

injury to the reticular formation can cause what?

Back 42

coma

Front 43

what is the "silent" area of the brain?

Back 43

cerebellum

Front 44

what will NOT cause sensation or movement of the cerebellum?

Back 44

electrical excitation.

Front 45

what does injury to the cerebellum do?

Back 45

it can severely impair motor activities without muscle paralysis.

Front 46

where is the cerebellum attached in the brain?

Back 46

it is attached to the brainstem at the basal portion of the pons

Front 47

where does the cerebellum receive input from?

Back 47

it receives input from sensory systems as well as from the brainstem and the motor cortex.

Front 48

the cerebellum is involved with what 4 things?

Back 48

1. maintenance of equilibrium
2. locomotion
3. posture
4. rapid nonstereotyped movements based on individual experience (typing, playing a musical instrument)

Front 49

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 49

to coordinate muscle activity. particularly important in voluntary movements. it does not initiate such movements.

Front 50

what part of the brain 'acts behind the scene at the subconscious level?'

Back 50

the cerebellum

Front 51

what does the cerebellum coordinate?

Back 51

Many individual movements that are necessary to complete some intentional action (touching a finger to the nose, lifting food to the mouth)