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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First
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Last
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The mesencephalon form
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the midbrain
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The cornea bends
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light rays
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Cones are for
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color vision
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Rods are for
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night vision
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The medulla contains
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the cardiovascular center
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The medulla contains
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the respiratory center
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The falx cerebelli
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separates the cerebellum
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The falx cerebri
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separates the cerebrum
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Phasic receptors adapt
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to a stimuli
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C fibers for
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slow pain transmission
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The tuberal region synthesizes
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hypothalamic regulating hormones
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The supraoptic region synthesizes
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ADH & oxytocin
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Tonic receptors don’t adapt
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to a stimuli
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The semicircular canals contain
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receptors for rotational movement
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The central sulcus separates
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frontal from parietal lobe
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A single endocrine gland
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may produce multiple hormones
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The pons possess the
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pneumotaxic & apneustic areas
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The malleus is connected
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to the tympanic membrane
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Stomach - Gastrin -
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Stimulate gastric activity
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A delta fibers are
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for fast pain transmission
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The iris regulates the
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diameter of the pupil
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Proprioceptors relay information about body
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position, equilibrium, & movements
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Non-tropic hormone exerts its effects
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on non-endocrine target tissues
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Endocrine systems provide a temporal
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(time) coordination of function
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The prosencephalon forms the telencephalon
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which forms the cerebrum
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The tentorium cerebelli separates the
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cerebrum from the cerebellum
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The preoptic region is involved
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in regulating autonomic activities
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The putamen controls large automatic
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movements of skeletal muscle
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The cerebellum has no detect
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connections with skeletal muscles
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The medulla contains the nucleus
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gracilis & nucleus cuneatus
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The medulla contains all the
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ascending & descending tracts
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The functions of the cerebellum
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include posture & balance
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The endocrine system relies on
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duration rather than speed
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Heat, cold, & pain receptors
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are free nerve endings
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The corpus callosum is a
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type of commissural fiber
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The two types of photoreceptors
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are rods and cones
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The limbic system is involved
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in emotion & memory
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The rhombencephalon forms the myelencephalon
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which forms the medulla oblongata
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The substantia nigra of the
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midbrain controls subconscious muscle activities
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Tropic hormones regulate the production
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& secretion of another hormone
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The flocculonodular lobe of the
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cerebellum is involved in equilibrium
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Small Intestines - CCK -
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Stimulate bile & pancreatic secretions
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Broca’s area controls muscles of
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the larynx, pharynx, & mouth
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The medial geniculate of the
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thalamus is involved in hearing
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The lateral geniculate of the
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thalamus is involved in vision
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The reticular formation (RAS) is
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the relay form muscle tone
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The anterior of the thalamus
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is involved emotions & memory
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The primary visual cortex is
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located in the occipital lobe
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Kidney - Erythropoetin - RBC
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production in the bone marrow
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The photoreceptors of the eye
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are located in the retina
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The prosencephalon forms the diencephalon which
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forms the thalamus & hypothalamus
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The cerebellum receives sensory input from
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proprioceptors in muscles, joints, etc
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The rhombencephalon forms the metencephalon which
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forms the pons & cerebellum
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The medial lemniscus conveys impulses
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for discrimitive touch, and vibrations
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The medulla contains the olive for
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precise voluntary movements & posture
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The cerebellum is separated from the
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cerebrum by the tentorium cerebelli
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Broca’s area sends impulses to the
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primary motor to regulate breathing
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Pituitary gland is divided into an
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anterior region & posterior region
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CSF is produced by the ependymal
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cells covering the choroids plexus
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The tympanic membrane separates the outer
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ear from the middle ear
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The globus pallidus is involved in
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the regulation of muscle tone
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The middle ear contains the 3
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ossicles – malleus, incus, stapes
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The primary gustatory is located in
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the parietal lobe for taste
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The primary olfactory is located in
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the temporal lobe for smell
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The reticular formation (RAS) relays sensory
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information related to consciousness & awakening
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The hypothalamus is divided into the
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mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, & pre-optic regions
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The midbrain possess the superior cerebellar
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peduncles which connect to the cerebellum
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The post-central gyrus of the parietal
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lobe contains the primary somatosensory area
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Infundibulum portion of the pituitary gland
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contains nerve fibers & blood vessels
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The inner ear is divided into
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the vestibule, semicircular canals, & cochlea
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CSF is reabsorbed via the arachnoid
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villi into the superior sagittal sinus
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The pre-central gyrus of the frontal
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lobe contains the primary motor area
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The same chemical messenger may be
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either a hormone or a neurotransmitter
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The cerebellum is attached to the
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brain stem by the cerebellar peduncles
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The ventral posterior of the thalamus
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is involved in taste, touch, pain
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The dentate gyrus & amygdaloid body
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are part of the limbic system
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A single hormone may be secreted
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by more than one endocrine gland
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CSF flows from the 3rd to
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the 4th through the cerebral aqueduct
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A single target cell may be
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influenced by more than one hormone
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The stapes is connected to the
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oval window of the middle ear
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These ossicles transduce sounds waves into mechanical
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energy (fluid movement within the cochlea)
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Projection fibers of the cerebral white matter
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form the descending & ascending tracts
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CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to
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the 3rd vis the interventricular foramen
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The internal capsule of the corpus striatum
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contains the sensory & motor tracts
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The ciliary body & suspensory ligaments of
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the eye are necessary for focusing
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Cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis
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– area of highest visual acuity
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Perception is the interpretation of a sensation
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that is created in our brain
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Commissural fibers of the cerebral white matter
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allow communication between gyri in both hemispheres
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The pons possess the middle cerebellar peduncles
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which connect the right & left cerebellum
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The utricle & saccule contain receptors for
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gravity (head position) & linear acceleration
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The thalamus is the principal relay station
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for sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
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The mammillary region is relay station for
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reflexes related to the sense of smell
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Glucagon – secreted by Pancreatic islet a
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cells, Opposite action to insulin, increase blood glucose
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Association fibers of the cerebral white matter
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allow communication between gyri on the same side
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The lenticular nucleus of the corpus striatum
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is divided into the putamen & globus pallidus.
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Broca’s area in the frontal lobe is
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involved in the translation of thought into speech
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The cranial dura mater is made up
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of an outer endosteal & inner meningeal layer
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Tactile & pressure receptors include Meissner’s corpuscles,
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Pacinian corpuscles, organs of Ruffini, and bulbs of Krause
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The tectum of the midbrain possesses the
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corpora quadrigemina which possess the superior & inferior colliculi
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The anterior & posterior lobe of the
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cerebellum are involved in subconscious movement of skeletal muscles
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The pre-motor association area is involved in
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learned motor activities of a complex & sequential nature
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The inferior colliculi is the reflex center
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for movements of the head & trunk to auditory
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The red nucleus of the midbrain functions
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with the basal ganglia & cerebellum to coordinate muscular movements
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The pons possess longitudinal fibers which are
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sensory & motor tracts connecting the medulla to the brainstem
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Hair cells are embedded in the basilar
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membrane and their stereocilia are embedded in the tectorial membrane
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The ventral lateral & ventral anterior of
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the thalamus is involved in voluntary motor actions & arousal
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CSF flows from the 4th into the
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subarachnoid space via the median aperature & 2 lateral aperatures
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The superior colliculi is the reflex center
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for movements of the head & eyes to visual stimuli
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The blind spot is the location where
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the optic nerve exits the eyes – no photoreceptors there
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Epinephrine & Nor-epinephrine from adrenal glands stimulates
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hepatic gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis, increases overall metabolic rate, increased CNS alertness
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The caudate nucleus of the corpus striatum
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of the basal ganglia controls large automatic movements of skeletal muscle
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The visual association area in the occipital
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lobe is for relating past visual experiences with present for evaluation
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The frontal eye field is located in
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the frontal cortex and controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes
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Diabetes - Type I lack of
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insulin secretion, Type II reduced sensitivity of insulin target cells
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Hypothalamus controls the secretion of anterior pituitary
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gland hormones & produces hormones that are secreted from the posterior pituitary
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The primary auditory is located in the
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temporal lobe & is involved in the sensation of pitch & rhythm
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The hormone classes released by the adrenal
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glands are: Mineralcorticoids - mineral balance, Glucocorticoids - energy metabolism, Sex hormones
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Anterior pituitary is: composed of glandular epithelial
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tissue, is connected to hypothalamus via blood vessels, is not linked to posterior pituitary
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Gnostic area is located among the somatosensory,
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visual, & auditory association areas and integrates many sensory inputs into a common thought
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A single hormone may have more than
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one type of target cell & thus induce more than one type of effect
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Some organs are exclusively endocrine in function,
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while other organs of the endocrine system perform non-endocrine functions in addition to secreting hormones
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Wernicke’s area (auditory association) in the temporal
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cortex determines if a sound is speech, music, or tone and translates words into thoughts
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The midbrain possess the cerebral peduncles which
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contain sensory & motor tracts for communication between the spinal cord & upper & lower brain
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The tectorial membrane & basilar membrane are
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in the inner ear and are responsible for the transduction of mechanical energy into nerve impulses
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The primary motor is located in the
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pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe & are for voluntary contractions and body parts represented unequally
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MELATONIN function regulate biological clock, induces natural
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sleep, inhibits reproductive activity, shuts down ovulation, slow aging via the removal of free radicals, enhance immunity
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The somatosensory association area is posterior to
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the primary somatosensory area & they integrate & interpret sensations , comparing old tactile memories with new ones
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C cells are located between follicles in
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the thyroid gland & secrete calcitonin for proper calcium metabolism = decrease blood calcium levels if they are elevated
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The posterior pituitary gland secretes: Oxytocin
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- Increases uterine contractility; Stimulates milk ejection, Vasopressin - Increases H2O permeability in kidneys’ collecting tubules; Induces arteriolar vasoconstriction
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The hypothalamus controls & integrates ANS activities,
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regulates body temperature, regulates food intake, thirst center, waking state & sleep patterns, associated with feelings of rage & aggression
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The adrenal glands are divided into 3
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zones: Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone production, Zona fasciculata - cortisol production, sex hormone production, & Zona reticularis - cortisol production, sex hormone production
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Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) - only adrenal hormone of
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significance, DHEA overpowered by male testosterone, Significant in females to induce pubic & axillary hair; enhance pubertal growth spurt; development & maintenance of female sex drive
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The primary somatosensory or general sensory area
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is located in the post-central gyrus on each parietal lobe and receive nerve impulses for touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, and the body parts are represented unequally
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Insulin - Secreted by b cells in
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the Islets of Langerhans, Promote storage; lowers blood glucose, glycogenesis (glucose to glycogen) in skeletal muscle & liver, inhibits glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose), inhibits gluconeogenesis (amino acids to glucose)
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Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) for mineral balance have the following functions:
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Na+ retention in distal & collecting tubules, Enhances K+ secretion, Activated by renin-angiotensin system due to blood pressuredrop/Na+ decrease, Angiotensin stimulates growth of the zona glomerulosa
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Parathyroid gland possesses : Principal cells synthesize parathyroid
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hormone (PTH) which increases the blood calcium levels by acting on the bones, kidneys, & small intestines & Oxyphil cells are support cells & store reserve quantities of PTH
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The hypothalamus secretes the following: Thyrotropin releasing hormone -
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TSH & prolactin, Corticotropin releasing hormone – ACTH, Gonadotropin releasing hormone - FSH & LH, Growth hormone releasing hormone – GH, Growth hormone inhibiting hormone - GH & TSH, Prolactin releasing factor – Prolactin, Prolactin inhibiting hormone - Prolactin
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Thyroid Gland Functions via the action of the hormones
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T3 & T4: Increases basal metabolic rate, Calorigenic (heat) effect, Promote synthesis & degradation of carbohydrates, proteins , & fat, Sympathomimetic effect by increasing cell responsiveness to catecholamines via increasing receptor density, Facilitates cardiovascular output, Facilitates the effects of growth hormone, Necessary for proper growth & functioning of the nervous system
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Glucocorticoids (cortisol) for glucose, fat, & protein metabolism; transported
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by transcortin Increase blood glucose at the expense of protein & fat stores (Inhibits glucose uptake by tissues, except the brain, Stimulates protein degradation, Facilitates lipolysis - lipid breakdown); Regulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary (ACTH stimulates growth & secretion of the zona fasciculata & reticularis; ACTH release regulated by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus)
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The anterior pituitary gland secretes: Growth hormone (somatotropin)
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- Regulating overall body growth, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates thyroid hormone secretion; growth of thyroid gland, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates cortisol secretion by adrenal cortex; growth of adrenal cortex, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Stimulates gamete production, Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Stimulate ovulation; secretion of estrogen & progesterone in females; testosterone in males, Prolactin - Enhances breast development & milk production
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