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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Info on Skeletal muscle
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-movement
-cylindrical -striated -multincleated -voluntary |
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Info on Cardiac Muscle
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-pump blood
-cyl, branched -striated, discs -one nucleus -involuntary |
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Info on Smooth muscle
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-peristalsis
-spindle shaped -non-striated -one nucleus -involuntary |
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movement(skeletal muscle)
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-muscle contraction pull on tendon and move bones
-flexion, extention, abd, add |
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maintain posture(skeletal)
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keeping us in extended position
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protection(skeletal)
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support and protect visceral organs(digestive tract)
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homeostasis(skeletal)
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maintains temp-lose heat in contraction of muscles
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Layers of Skeletal muscle
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-Epimyseum
-perimyseum -endomysium -tendons |
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epimyseum
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-surrounds entire skeletal muscle
-dense irregular CT -separates muscle from surrounding tissues and organs -aka Deep fascia |
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perimyseum
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-divides muscle into compartments
-each compartment contains a bundle of muscle fibers |
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endomyseum
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-surrounds individual muscle fibers within each fascicle
-muscle fiber=muscle cell -binds muscle fibers together |
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tendons
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-interwoven extention of CT from epi, peri, endomysium
-converge and attach to bone(sometimes skin or other muscle) |
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Nerve and blood vessels...
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-penetrate 3 layers in supply muscle fibers (individual cells)
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3 types of muscle fibers
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fast, slow, and intermediate
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Info on fast fibers
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-contract quickly
-uses ATP quickly, ATP cannot keep up -generates ATP by converting gylcogen to lactic acid -lactic acids build up and interferes with muscle contraction=fatigues muscle quickly |
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info on slow fibers
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-3x longer to contract after nerve simulation
-lots of ATP -ATP not used as quickly -No need for glycogen -doesnt fatigue quickly(no lactic acid build up) |
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info in intermediate fibers
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-inbetween slow and fast fibers
-during physical conditioning, change from fast to slow goes through intermediate muscle fiber stage. |
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agonist
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muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular motion
eg. Flexor digitorum longus |
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antagonist
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muscle whose action opposes that of the agonist
eg. extensor digitorum longus |
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synergist
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muscle that can assist the
agonist or antagonist |
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Where does skeletal muscle contract?
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muscle fiber(sarcomere)level
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each myofibril contains how many sarcomeres along its length?
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10,000
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Interaction of actin and myosin filaments within sarcomere are responsible for what?
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muscle cell contraction
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Sacromere:
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-organized, repeating of actin(thin) and myosin(thick) filaments
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sliding filament theory
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interaction of actin and myosin filament.
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thin filaments are where on the sarcomere
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the ends
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i-band
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area of thin filaments only
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z-line
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thin filaments are linked together by proteins
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zone of overlap
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overlap of thin and thick filaments
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a-band
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area of thick filament, m line and zone of overlap
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thick filaments are where on the sarcomere
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middle
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h-band
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area of thick filament only
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m-line
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thick filaments linked together by proteins
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actin filaments contain what for thick filament attachment
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active sites
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active sites are covered by what?
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troponin molecules
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tropomyosin molecule held in place over active site by?
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troponin molecule
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before thick filaments can attach to thin filament, troponin molecule must do what to expose active site
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change shape/move tropomyosin molecule
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what is thick filament composed of
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myosin molecules
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strands of myosin molecules contain a what that is orientated away from m-line
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globbular head
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myosin head does what
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attaches to active site on thin filament
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steps of sliding filament theory
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attach, pivot, detach, and return
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function of the nervous system
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to regulate and integrat body functions via electrical impulses
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2 anatomical subdivisions
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-Central Nervous System(CNS)
-Periperal Nervous System(PNS) |
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Central Nervous System
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deals with the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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all neural tissue outside of CNS
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nerve cells
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these cells transfer and process info from extracellular enviroment using electical stimuli
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Spinal nerves do what?
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-carry both sensory and motor nerves
-leave and enter spinal cord between vertebrae |
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Cranial nerves do what?
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-carry both sensory and motor nerves
-leave and enter through the holes in the cranium. |
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2 types of cells in neural tissue
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-neurons
-glial cells |
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neurons
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transfer and processing of info in nervous system
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glial cells
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support and nourish neutrons-protects myelin sheath
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dendrites
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processes or branches that are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in extracellular enviroment
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body/stoma
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contains nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles typical in a cell
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axon
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long,slender process or branch that carries info to synaptic terminal
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synaptic terminal(pre, cleft, post)
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where electrical messages are transferred from neuron to another neuron
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presynaptic terminal
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-terminal branches of neuron(axon head)
-contains neurotransmitters -neural stimulation releases neurotransmitter |
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synaptic cleft
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-space between presynaptic terminal and post synaptic terminal
-neurotransmitter flows across this space. |
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post synaptic terminal
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-branches on adjacent neuron (dendrite)
-neurotransmitter binds to receptor proteins on postsynaptic membrane and impulse is sent down next neuron |
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interneurons
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spinal cord process and relay info from sensory neurons to
1) up ascending tract of spinal cord 2)coordinate motor neurons response to stimuli(reflex) |
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somatic
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sensory neurons that transfer info from the outside conditions to the brain or the spinal cord
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visceral sensory neurons
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transfer info from internal conditions to brain or spinal cord
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somatic motor neurons
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modifies the activity of skeletal muscle fiber
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visceral motor neuron
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innervates all other tissue other than skeletal muscles
(ANS) |
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Acetylcholine
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when released at neuromuscular junction results in muscular contraction
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botulism
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blocks release of Ach
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Norepinephrine
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when released triggers hunger, thirst, sex drive
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black widow venom
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uncontrolled release of Ach
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membrane potential
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the difference in ionic charge between inside a nerve cell and outside
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resting membrane potential
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the difference in ionic charge inside a nerve cell and outside a nerve cell when a neuron is resting(not sending an impulse)
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what is the resting membrane potential
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-70millivolts
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inside cell contains...
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K+, PO4-, SO4-
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outside of cell
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Na+
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Depolarization
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if the membrane becomes more positive(less negative)than the resting potential
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action potential
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an action potential is when there is enough depolarization to send electical impulse down axon
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