A&p 2 Test One

Front 1

Most common location for an orbital fracture.

Back 1

(Floor) Maxillary bone. 'Blowout Fracture'

Enopthalmia=sunken in eyeball position

Front 2

Thinnest part of the bony orbit.

Back 2

(Medial wall) Ethmoid bone also called the lamina papyracea. Despite thinness it rarely fractures. Severe sinuses can erode through this thin was causing orbital cellulitis

Front 3

Back wall of orbital walls.

Back 3

Greater wing is sphenoid bone with lesser wing surrounding the Optic Canal. Palatine Bone.

Front 4

Corrugator Supercilii Muscle

Back 4

contraction moves eyebrows together (medially) for facial expression

Front 5

Eyelids are also called...

Back 5

Palpebrae

Front 6

Opening between the eyelids

Back 6

Palpebral fissure. eyelids meet medially and laterally at the medial lateral commisure

Front 7

Elevated bit of flesh found at the medial canthus

Back 7

Lacrimal Caruncle- has sebaceous & sweat glands that make a whitish yellow oil

Front 8

Epicanthic Folds

Back 8

Vertical skin covering medial commissure.

Normally expressed in Asian races.

Front 9

Tarsal glands aka Meibomian Glands

Back 9

-modifies sebaceous gland located underneath and inside tarsal plate. posterior to the eyelashes.

- secretes oily substance to keep eyelids from sticking together and prevents tear film evaporation. makes eyelids close air tight

Front 10

Ciliary Glands

Back 10

sebaceous glands & modified sweat glands found between eyelashes and superficial to the tarsal plate

Front 11

Chalazion

Back 11

Blockage of the tarsal glands

Front 12

Stye

Back 12

Blockage of ciliary glands

Front 13

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Back 13

-Opens eyelid.

-damage causes Ptosis (droopy eyelid)

-Cranial Nerve III. Oculomotor nerve

Front 14

Orbicularis Oculi Muscle

Back 14

-Closes eyelid (depresses eyebrows)

-Damage causes difficulty to fully close eyelids

-Hook closes eyelid

-blinking reflex every 3-7 second to protect eye

Front 15

Lacrimal Gland

Back 15

-Where tears are formed

-Tears flow across eye medially

Front 16

Lacrimal puncta

Back 16

-where tears enter

-openings of the lacrimal canaliculi

Front 17

Lacrimal Sac

Back 17

-where tears collect

Front 18

Nasolacrimal Ducts

Back 18

-where tears drain into the nose

Front 19

Inferior Nasal Meatus

Back 19

-where tears exit into nose

Front 20

Lacrimal fluid contains...

Back 20

Mucus, antibodies and lysozyme an enzyme that destroys bacteria

Front 21

Palpebral Conjunctiva

Back 21

-thin sheet that lines the inner surface of the lids

- conjunctive- a transparent mucous membrane

Front 22

Bulbar Conjunctiva

Back 22

-part covering sclera(white part of the eye) and not covering the cornea

Front 23

Conjunctival Sac

Back 23

-space created by the fold of the palpebral over the bulbar.

-good for holding contacts and spot for eye medication

Front 24

Conjunctivitis is the same as...

Back 24

Pink eye

Front 25

Movement of each eyeball is controlled by six extrinsic eye muscles

Back 25

-originate from the bony orbit

-4 rectus muscles; originates from the annular ring(common tendinous ring)

-2 oblique muscles; superior oblique, only eye muscle that passes through the trochlea, also originates in the common. the inferior oblique originates from the medial orbit surface

-all 6 extrinsic muscles insert on eyeball surface

Front 26

Lateral Rectus

Back 26

Moves eye laterally

Cranial nerve VI (abducens)

Front 27

Medial Rectus

Back 27

moves eye medially

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

Front 28

Superior Rectus

Back 28

Elevates eye and turns it medially

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

Front 29

Inferior Rectus

Back 29

Depresses eye and turns it medially

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

Front 30

Inferior Oblique

Back 30

Elevates eye turns it laterally

Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)

Front 31

Superior Oblique

Back 31

Depresses eye and turns it laterally

Cranial Nerve IV (trochlear)

Front 32

Diplopia

Back 32

-Double Vision

-temporary poor coordination of extrinsic eye muscles

Front 33

Strabismus is...

Back 33

Cross eyes

congenital weakness of extrinsic eye muscle

Front 34

Sclera (Fibrous Layer)

Back 34

White part of the eye.

-where the extrinsic eye muscles attach

-avascular

Front 35

Cornea (fibrous layer)

Back 35

Clear and bulges is about 540 microns thin

-outside of cornea-stratifies squamous

-inside of cornea-simple squamous

- bends light entering eye affecting vision

Front 36

Vascular Layer

Back 36

-Choroid Plexus

-Ciliary body-round sphincter like smooth muscle

-Iris-smooth and elastic fibers. identification, color varies

-Pupil-round opening in iris

Front 37

Mydiasis

Back 37

Excessive dilation

Front 38

Dilator Pupillae

Back 38

-Fibers are radial

-is outer layer

-increases pupil size

Front 39

Dilation=

Back 39

Sympathetic Activation (via CN V1)

-distant vision and dim light, LSD, Marijuana, drugs, sexual arousal Fight or flight

Front 40

Sphincter Pupillae

Back 40

-is inner layer

-fibers are circular

-decreases pupil size

Front 41

Miosis

Back 41

Excessive pupil constriction

Front 42

Constriction

Back 42

-Parasympathetic activation (via CN III)

-close vision, bright light, boredom, opiates, morphine

Front 43

Iris has two muscles

Back 43

-Sphincter pupillae-inner layer

-Dilator pupillae-outer layer

Front 44

Outer pigmented layer of the retina

Back 44

stores vitamin A

-single cell layer of pigmented cells

-act as phagocytes to remove damaged photoreceptors

Front 45

Inner neural layer of retina

Back 45

-play direct role in vision

-has 3 neuron layers

1.photoreceptor cells; rods and cones

2.bipolar cells-middle layer signal sent to ganglions

3. ganglion cells-inner layer action potential to brain

Front 46

Macular Edema

Back 46

most common cause of blindness in diabetics

-treatment- argon laser, vitrectomy and replacement with saline, pan-ratinal photocoagulation using argon laser

Front 47

Types of retinal detachment

Back 47

1. Rhegmatogenous-tear through retinal layer

2. Traction- retina pulled off by neovascularization

3. Hemorrahgic/Exudative-blood or fluid build up behind retina and pushes it off

fully detached retinas will still be attached to the ora seratta and optic disc

Front 48

Fundus

Back 48

back of the eye the doctor looks at with apthalmascope

-optic disc

-macula lutea

Front 49

Optic disk aka blind spot

Back 49

lacks photoreceptors

spot where optic nerve exits the eye (CN II)

Front 50

Choroid

Back 50

-supplies the photoreceptor (rods & cones)

-Retinal detachment vitreous humor leak between pigmented layer of retina and photoreceptors

Front 51

Central artery and central vein

Back 51

-supplies the bipolar and ganglion cells layers of fundus

-enters and exits the eye via the optic disc

Front 52

Posterior Segment

Back 52

-area behind the lens and the Vitreous humor fills it. transmits light

-pushes neural retina firmly against pigmented layer

Front 53

Anterior Chamber

Back 53

anterior to the iris and pupil but behind the cornea

Front 54

Posterior Chamber

Back 54

behind the iris and pupil but in front of lens

Front 55

Aqueous humor

Back 55

-supplies nutrients and removes metabolic waste mostly for lens and cornea

-forma, circulates, and drains continuously

-fluid goes from posterior to anterior chamber

-normal pressure 10-22 mm Hg

Front 56

Glaucoma

Back 56

-disease where optic nerve dies

-high intraocular pressure

-Open angle (chronic) most common in US with patients over 40yrs

-Closed angle (Acute) opthalmological emergency can result in irreversible vision loss to full blindness, angle between the cornea and iris closes abruptly

Front 57

The Lens

Back 57

-biconvex, transparent, flexible

-held in place by suspensory ligaments

-avascular & no innervation

-Lens epithelium(anterior) cuboidal cells

-Lens fiber, no nuclei and few organelles, 35% protein and 65% water. protein called crystallins

Front 58

Cataracts

Back 58

-cornea is fine, lens is milky ad opaque

-clumping of crystallin proteins

Front 59

Visible light spectrum is...

Back 59

-about 400-700nm

Front 60

Focal Point

Back 60

lens surface is convex so they are bent so they converge at this single point

Front 61

Constant Refraction

Back 61

cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor

Front 62

Variable Refraction

Back 62

-accomplished via Lens

-Sympathetic activation- distant vision

-Parasympathetic activation- close vision

Front 63

Emmetropic Normal Eye

Back 63

-normal eye far point of vision is 20ft.

-the eye is best adapted for distant vision

-99% of refractive problems are related to eyeball shape not the lens.

Front 64

Lens is flattened for distant vision

Back 64

sympathetic input relaxes the ciliary muscle tightening the ciliary zonule and flattening the lens

Front 65

Phototrandsuction

Back 65

process by which light energy is converted into a graded receptor potential

Front 66

Photoreceptors

Back 66

-modified neurons that can respond to light

-two basic cell type are cones and rods

-highly vulnerable to damage

Front 67

Rod Cells

Back 67

-contain the visual pigment called Rhodopsin(pigment is deep purple or violet)

-sensitive to very, very low amounts of light

-best suited for night vision

-inputs perceived only as shades of gray

-100 rod cells connect to the single ganglion cell

Front 68

Cone cells

Back 68

-3 different types of photopigments

-blue cones-respond maximally at 420nm

-green cones- 530nm

-red cones- 560 nm

-need bright light for activation

inputs perceived as color vision

-each cone has its own bipolar and ganglion cell

Front 69

Low-intensity light

Back 69

-little rhodopsin is bleached and the retina continues to respond to light stimuli

Front 70

High-intensity light

Back 70

-great amount of rhodopsin that is bleached, rods become nonfunctional but the cones still work

Front 71

Light adaptation

Back 71

-going from a dark room to light. within about 1 minute the cones initially are overexcited by the bright light and are desensitized and visual acuity and color vision improve over the next 5-10min.

Front 72

Dark Adaptation

Back 72

-cone cells stop functioning in low intensity light

-initially we see nothing because rod cells have not started working yet.

-rhodopsin start accumulating, transducing returns to outer segment and retina is then able to be more sensitive to low light envi.

-adaptation takes about 20min

Front 73

Night Blindness aka Nyctalopia

Back 73

-rod function is very poor

-2 common causes

1. vitamin a deficiency

2. retinitis pigmentosa disease where pigmented layer of retina is poor at recycling damaged rod cells

Front 74

Color Blindness

Back 74

-congenital lack of one or more cone types

-x linked, more common in males.

-most common is red-green blindness; red and green cones very low or completely absent

- red/green are seen as the same color

Front 75

Chemoreceptors

Back 75

-respond to chemical mixed in aqueous solution

-gustation- food chemicals dissolved in saliva

-olfaction- smell chemicals dissolved in nasal mucous

Front 76

Olfactory Epithelium

Back 76

-located in roof od nasal cavity

-pseudostratified epithelium

-olfactory receptor cells-ability to process smell (CN I)

-Supporting cells-make nasal mucous

-Basal cell- make new olfactory receptor cells

Front 77

Olfactory pathway

Back 77

Olfactory receptor cells

-mitral cells in the olfactory bulb

-olfactory tracts

-frontal lobe-what was smelled

-hypthalmus, amygdala & limbic system-associates smell with appetite, danger, memory...

Front 78

Olfactory Disorders

Back 78

-Anosmias(without smell)- damaged olfactory nerve (CN I) head injury

-Uncinate Fits(olfactory hallucinations)- after brain surgery, trauma, seizures

-TASTE IS 80% Smell

Front 79

Gustation (Taste) Taste buds

Back 79

-fungiform papillae-most on top of tongue

-foliate papillae- side part of the tongue toward the back

-circumvallate papillae- 7 to 12 of these in v-shape on back of tongue

-taste cells project long microvilli gustatory hairs through the taste pore onto the saliva covered tongue.

Front 80

Basal cells

Back 80

act as stem cells dividing and differentiating into new gustatory cells as they are damaged

Front 81

5 Basics Tastes

Back 81

-sweet

-sour

-salty

-bitter

-umami (natural amino acids)

Front 82

Anterior 2/3 of tongue transmits taste

Back 82

-facial nerve CN VII

Front 83

Posterior 1/3 of tongue transmits taste

Back 83

-Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

Front 84

Tongue movement

Back 84

-hypoglossal nerve CN XII

Front 85

External Ear

Back 85

-Auricle aka Pinna aka Ear

-External acoustic meatus aka ear canal- in adults about 1 in long, lined with modified apocrine sweat glands, ceruminus glands secretes cerumen wax, bug catcher

Front 86

Middle ear aka Tympanic cavity

Back 86

-tympanic membrane aka eardrum

-malleus, incus and stapes

-pharyngotympanic/auditory/Eustachian tube

-oval (vestibular) and round (cochlear) windows

Front 87

Inner ear aka labyrinth

Back 87

-semicircular canals and cochlea

Front 88

Otitis Media

Back 88

-middle ear infection

-most common cause of hearing loss in children

-antibiotics, Tm tubes

Front 89

Presbycusis

Back 89

-normal gradual hearing loss of high pitched sounds as one ages

Front 90

Conduction deafness

Back 90

-external and middle ear problem

Front 91

Sensorineural deafness

Back 91

-inner ear problem

Front 92

Weber (tuning fork)

Back 92

tests for lateralization vs no lateralization

Front 93

Rinne (tuning fork)

Back 93

test for air conduction > bone conduction

Front 94

Endocrine System aka ductless glands

Back 94

-release its hormone product into the surrounding tissue fluid and blood stream

Front 95

Exocrine Glands

Back 95

-release products via duct on surface such as sweat

Front 96

Hormones

Back 96

-long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood or lymph fluid throughout the body

Front 97

Autocrines

Back 97

chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them

Front 98

Paracrines

Back 98

-chemicals that also act locally but affect cells types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals.

Front 99

Chemical Classes of hormones

Back 99

-amino acids-most hormones are amino acids based

-Steroid - synthesized from cholesterol

-Eicosanoids- both subtypes synthesized from arachnoid acid

Front 100

4 Basic parts of hormone action

Back 100

1. endocrines glands make hormone

2. hormones released into blood stream

3. hormones influence target cells that have specific receptors a specific hormone

4. target cell response is the end result of hormone binding

Front 101

Cascade effect

Back 101

Single hormone molecule activates hundreds of second messenger hormones which in turn can activate thousands of active protein kinases. very strong cellular response.

- second messenger signaling stops when the enzymes like phosphodiesterase degrade the cAMP

Front 102

5 common hormone effects

Back 102

-alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential

- stimulates synthesis of proteins or regulatory molecules such as enzymes

- activate/ deactivates enzymes

-induces secretory activity

-stimulates mitosis

Front 103

Strength level of the end response on target cell depends on...

Back 103

-blood levels of hormone

-number o receptors for that hormone or in target cells

- affinity (strength) of the bond between receptors and hormone

Front 104

Hormone circulates blood in 2 forms...

Back 104

-free

-bound, to a protein carrier,

Hormones do not last very long in body and most excreted in the urine.

Front 105

3 types of hormone action at target cells

Back 105

1. Permissiveness-hormone A needs Hormone B to exert full effect

2. Synergism- Hormone 1 &2 have equal effects on target cell with amplifies effect

3. Antagonism- Hormone X opposes the effect of hormone Y

Front 106

3 types of endocrine gland stimuli

Back 106

1.humoral-blood levels of ions and nutrients

2. neural-nerve fiber stimulates hormone release

3. hormonal- another hormone stimulates the release

Front 107

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

Back 107

-released by hypothalamus

-stimulates release of Thyroid stimulating hormone by thyrotroph cells in the anterior pituitary.

- TSH enters blood and stimulates Thyroid

- Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are released from the colloid of thyroid gland

-iodine is needed to make T3 and T4

Front 108

Parafollicular or C Cells of the thyroid gland

Back 108

-makes the hormone calcitonin

-calcitonin lowers calcium blood levels by shifting it to the bones.

-stimulates calcium uptake by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Front 109

goiter

Back 109

symptom of hypothyroid

disease.

a lack of iodine in diet causes

unusable colloid to form & build up in

thyroid gland.

Front 110

Graves’ disease

Back 110

The most common hyperthyroid

disease.

Due to abnormal antibodies in the

body that “mimic” TSH causing very

high T3, T4 levels.

Front 111

Oxytocin

Back 111

stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the

Uterus and Breasts.

• The drug Pitocin is synthetic oxytocin to augment labor.

– induces the let-down reflex to release milk.

– in males and non-lactating females it may have

some role in sexual arousal and orgasm.

– stretch of the uterus or stimulating the nipples

can trigger its release.

Front 112

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Back 112

- also known as Vasopressin

-Stops the kidney from making urine.

-

– ADH released with ↓ blood volume, pain, low BP.

• very high ADH release causes vasoconstriction.

– Too Little (brain injury): Diabetes Insipidus

– Too Much (mass, injury, meningitis): SIADH

Front 113

Mineralcorticoids

Back 113

-secreted by the cells of the Zona Glomerulosa

-Aldosterone

-"Salt"

Front 114

Glucocorticoids

Back 114

-secreted by the cells of the Zone Fasciculata

-Cortisol

-"Sugar"

Front 115

Gonadocorticoids

Back 115

-secreted by the cells of the Zona Reticularis

-Androgen

-"SEX"

Front 116

Catecholmines

Back 116

-secreted by the Adrenal Medulla

-Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

-Fight or Flight

Front 117

Blood is Fluid Connective Tissue

Back 117

– Erythrocytes aka Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

– Leukocytes aka White Blood Cells (WBCs)

– Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

– Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes

– Thrombocytes aka Platelets (PLTs)

Front 118

Blood is Suspension

Back 118

only stays fluid while in constant motion

Front 119

Physical characteristics of blood

Back 119

- ph 7.35-7.45

-metallic salty taste

- temp is 100.4F

-sticky opaque fluid

volume of blood in females- 4-5L

volume of blood in males-5-6L

Front 120

Blood collection centers typically on using...

Back 120

Mass which means the final volume may vary

- 1 unit of whole blood= ~450mL (.95 pints)

- 1 units of packed RBCs= ~340mL(.72pints)

Front 121

Distribution functions of the blood

Back 121

-delivering oxygen from the lungs & nutrients to rest of body

- transporting metabolic waste to lungs for elimination of carbon dioxide and to kidneys for disposal of nitrogenous waste.

Front 122

Regulation functions of blood

Back 122

-maintains normal body temp

-transport heat to skin surface if too hot

-maintains normal ph in body tissues

-maintains normal fluid volumes in tissue and in blood

Front 123

Protection and access of blood

Back 123

Protection

-prevents its own loss through clotting

-fights infectious microorganisms

Access

-route for medication

-pathway for procedures

Front 124

Formed elements in the blood

Back 124

-Erythrocytes have no nucleus or organelles

-platelets are cell fragments

-leukocytes

Front 125

Erythrocyte RBCs

Back 125

-biconcave

-no nucleus or organelles

-lifespan about 120 days

-make ATP via anaerobic metabolism

-main contributor to blood viscosity (thickness)

Front 126

Hemoglobin

Back 126

- made up of protein globulin bound to red heme pigment

-globulin consist of 4 polypeptide chains; 2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains

-heme is the red pigment contains iron

Front 127

Production of Erythrocyte

Back 127

-process called hematopoises or hemopoises

-process occurs in red bone marrow

Front 128

Erythropoises

Back 128

-once a particular cell has committed to a pathway it can only become that particular type of cell

-process takes about 15 days

Front 129

Reticulocytes

Back 129

-account for 1-2% of all RBCs in blood

-no nucleus

Front 130

Erythropoietin (EPO) (hormone control of RBC formation)

Back 130

-mostly made in the kidney some in liver

-triggered when sense of lack of oxygen, so make more EPO

-Not the number of RBCs or reticulocytes but the "availability of oxygen that triggers this process of RBC formation"

Front 131

Testosterone enhance EPO formation

Back 131

this explain the difference in the normal value of males and females

Front 132

Iron

Back 132

-65% of all iron in your blood is in hemoglobin

-the rest is in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

-Vitamin B12 and folic acid are normal for DNA synthesis

Front 133

Anemia

Back 133

-lacking RBCs in number for function

-blood has low capacity to carry oxygen

-symp. fatigue, pale, cold short of breath

Front 134

Granulocytes

Back 134

-Neutrophils (50-70%)

-Eosinophils(2-4%)

-Basophils(.5-1%)

Front 135

Agranulocytes

Back 135

-Lymphocytes (25-45%)

-Monocytes (3-8%)

Front 136

Universal Donor

Back 136

O negative

Front 137

Universal Recipient

Back 137

AB positive

Front 138

Typing blood is determined by

Back 138

-patients own ABO and Rh groups

-cross matching = mixing patients and the donor blood looking for agglutination

Front 139

Types of transfusions

Back 139

-whole blood transfusion, extreme emergency use

-Packed RBCs, preferred

Front 140

damage exposes the underlying collagen fibers and the

von-Willebrand Factor (VWF) located there that the

platelets stick to.

Back 140

after attachment, platelets activate & release their granule’s

contents.

– Serotonin leads to more vascular spasm.

– ADP attracts more platelets to the damaged area.

– Thromboxane A2 leads to vascular spasm & attracts PLTs.

Front 141

Lens bulges for close vision

Back 141

Parasympathetic input contracts the ciliary muscle, loosening the ciliary zonule allowing the lens to bulge

Front 142

At the junction of what two structures is the Limbus located?

Back 142

Cornea & Sclera

Front 143

A 30 year old welder has metal shavings deeply cut into his cornea in a job accident. Which of the following might leak from his severe corneal laceration?

Back 143

Aqueous humor

Front 144

A 23 yr old females right upper eyelid is drooping(ptosis) after a botched chalazion removal surgery. Which structure most likely receives the accidental surgical damage to cause pitosis?

Back 144

Levator Palpebral Superioris muscle

Front 145

A 21 yr old male is punched in the eye, and afterwards his eye has a sunken in appearance(enopthalmia). Which bone of the orbit was the most likely fractured?

Back 145

Maxillary

Front 146

When your eye are bloodshot from conjunctivitis(pink eye) under (deep) to what structure are these dilated blood vessels located?

Back 146

Sclera

Front 147

To what direction does the gaze of the right eye move when the right medial rectus contracts?

Back 147

Medially

Front 148

In what cell is the bleaching and unbleaching of the rhodopsin pigment occurring?

Back 148

Rod Cell

Front 149

Damage to CN v1; Trigeminal Nerve, ophthalmic division results in what two problems of the eye?

Back 149

impaired pupil dilation and impaired eyeball surface sensation

Front 150

When looking at an eardrum with an otoscope, which bone is the easiest to see because it is located just behind it?

Back 150

Malleus

Front 151

With what part of the ear is the disease Presbycusis located?

Back 151

Cochlea

Front 152

Sounds with the lowest frequencies that are still perceivable byhuman are processed near what part of the ear?

Back 152

oval window

Front 153

Otoliths are normally found on the surface of what structure as they will enhance its motion during linear acceleration or deceleration events?

Back 153

Macula

Front 154

The cascade effect of hormones is going to occur immediately after what event?

Back 154

binding of the hormone to the target cell receptor

Front 155

Which hormone is made in the posterior pituitary gland, and has target cell's in the breast and uterus?

Back 155

Oxytocin

Front 156

Which location is triggered to release hormone by nerve stimulation?

Back 156

Adrenal Medulla

Front 157

When there is too muchT4 and T3 what kind of response by the body's tissue is expected?

Back 157

Diarrhea

Front 158

Calcitonin is made by a cell found in what organ?

Back 158

Thyroid glands

Front 159

What hormone stimulates the zona reticularis?

Back 159

androgens

Front 160

What part of the adrenal gland makes a hormone that can cause females to grow a beard if it is stimulated to excess?

Back 160

Zona reticularis

Front 161

Excessive secretion of growth hormone when the epiphyseal plates are present results in what condition?

Back 161

giantism

Front 162

All of the following are symptoms of severe, uncontrolled and possibly life-threatening Diabetes mellitus ACCEPT?

Back 162

Fast respiratory rate

Front 163

Testosterone causes what cell in males to increase in number?

Back 163

Erythrocyte

Front 164

In a healthy, normal adult female, which of the following choices is FALSE regarding whole blood?

Back 164

the temp is 98.6 degrees

Front 165

The water component of the bloods plasma is able to stay inside of blood vessels due to plasma proteins and other factors. What organ is primarily responsible for for making these plasma proteins?

Back 165

Liver

Front 166

The____is the name of the cell that is present before it transforms into a mature erythrocyte?

Back 166

Reticulocyte

Front 167

What breakdown of old blood is metabolized into stercobilin by the normal flora bacteria located in the intestines?

Back 167

bilirubin

Front 168

What organ monitors the oxygen carrying capacity of blood and makes a hormone to start the processes of erythropoiesis?

Back 168

Kidney

Front 169

Blood doping can result in the following EXCEPT

Back 169

a lower blood viscocity

Front 170

Which formed elements is the most common in the whole blood of a normal adult male or female?

Back 170

Neutrophil

Front 171

Which lymphocyte has granules full of histamine, and is the rarest lymphocyte as well?

Back 171

Basophil

Front 172

Which covering of the heart is the thickest?

Back 172

Fibrous Pericardium

Front 173

Which chamber of the heart has one entrance and has a low blood pressure?

Back 173

Right ventricle

Front 174

Cell death from heart attack , to which of the following locations is most likely to result in mitral valve prolapse?

Back 174

Papillary muscle

Front 175

What artery runs in the same location as the Middle Cardiac Vein

Back 175

Posterior interventricular artery

Front 176

which of the following statement is false regarding myocardial infarction?

Back 176

the presence of collateral circulation around the block increases cell death

Front 177

What valve is best heart when listening at the right 5th intercostal space just next to the sternal border?

Back 177

Tricuspid valve

Front 178

The ___ valve opens when the pressure in the ___ has increased enough during systole to push it open.

Back 178

Tricuspid, left atrium

Front 179

Which of the following is the first step in the development of an action potential (specifically the start of the depolarization) in a cardiac muscle cell?

Back 179

Increased Na+ permeability

Front 180

List any three facts regarding neovascularization of the eye?

Back 180

-common in hypertension and diabetes

- new vessels grow in wrong location

-new vessels are fragile and leak easily

Front 181

Explain how olfactory adaptation works.

Back 181

Smell enters nose and bounds receptors on cilia of olfactory cells.

sodium influx stimulates depolarization

calcium influx decreases response to sustained stimulus.

Front 182

Hemophilia

Back 182

hereditary bleeding disorders

Front 183

Thrombocytopenia

Back 183

-low number of circulating platelets

- spontaneously bleed

-suppress destroy bone marrow