A&p 2 Lab

Front 1

Erythrocytes

Back 1

Red blood cells shaped like biconcave disks which lack a nucleus and are small in size, compared to white blood cells. They transport oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues. (Nonnucleus)

Front 2

Leukocytes

Back 2

White blood cells have various shapes and sizes. They are named based on how they stain. They are nucleated and the nucleus is often distinctive. WBCs are an important part of the body's defensive system.

Front 3

Granulocytes

Back 3

The category of WCB's containing membrane-bound granules.

Front 4

Neutrophils

Back 4

The nucleus of these granulocytes stains deeply and exhibits multiple lobes. The cytoplasm does not stain but will appear pale, with many fine granules. These WBCs destroy bacteria. Most common of the leukocytes.

Front 5

Eosinophils

Back 5

The nucleus of these granulocytes usually has two darkly stained lobes connected by a thin strand. The cytoplasm contains large granules that stain reddish-orange. These WBCs phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes and attack some parasitic worms. Bilobed.

Front 6

Basophils

Back 6

The nucleus of these granulocytes exhibit two lobes which are difficult to see because of the large and dense blue-stained granules. The granules aid in the inflammation process by releasing histamine. Can't see biloped and looks like it has no nucleus.

Front 7

Agranulocytes

Back 7

The category of WBCs lacking membrane-bound granules

Front 8

Lymphocytes

Back 8

The nucleus is round, or slightly oval, and almost fills the cytoplasm. The nucleus stains dark blue to purple, and the cytoplasm is usually light blue. These cells are involved in specific disease resistance. B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells are types of lymphocytes.

Front 9

Monocytes

Back 9

The nucleus is a kidney-bean or horseshoe shape (irregularly shaped). The nucleus stains darkly and the abundant cytoplasm is a pale blue. These agranulocytes develop into phagocytic macrophages.

Front 10

Blood Type A

(Table 10.2)

Back 10

Antigen = A

Antibody = anti-B

Front 11

Blood Type B

(Table 10.2)

Back 11

Antigen = B

Antibody= Anti-A

Front 12

Blood Type AB

(Table 10.2)

Back 12

Antigen = A&B

Antibody = none

Front 13

Blood Type O

(Table 10.2)

Back 13

Antigen = none

Antibody = A&B

Front 14

Agglutination

Back 14

When blood is improperly matched, the antibodies cause this effect. It breaks up the blood, clogs it and can be fatal. Results can look jello-like or grainy.

Front 15

Blood Type A

Can Donate to:

Can Receive From:

(Table 10.3)

Back 15

A, AB (Donate)

A, O (Receive)

Front 16

Blood Type B

Can Donate to:

Can Receive From:

(Table 10.3)

Back 16

B, AB (Donate)

B, O (Receive)

Front 17

Blood Type AB

Can Donate to:

Can Receive From:

(Table 10.3)

Back 17

AB (Donate)

All (Receive)

Front 18

Blood Type O

Can Donate to:

Can Receive From:

(Table 10.3)

Back 18

All (Donate)

O (Receive)

Front 19

Precava and Postcava

Back 19

These are two large veins that enter the right atrium and carry unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior body, respectively

Front 20

Right Atrium

Back 20

This is the first chamber of the heart and receives unoxygenated blood from the body.

Front 21

Tricuspid or Right Atrioventricular Valve

Back 21

This valve separates the right atrium and ventricle. It prevents back-flow into the atrium

Front 22

Right Ventricle

Back 22

This is the second chamber of the heart and pumps blood to the lungs.

Front 23

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Back 23

This valve separates the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle and prevents back-flow into the ventricle

Front 24

Pulmonary Arteries

Back 24

These arteries carry unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Front 25

Pulmonary Veins

Back 25

These veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Front 26

Left Atrium

Back 26

This is the third chamber of the heart and receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Front 27

Bicuspid, Mitral, or Left Atrioventricular Valve

Back 27

This valve separates the left atrium and ventricle. It prevents back-flow into the atrium.

Front 28

Left Ventricle

Back 28

This is the fourth chamber of the heart and pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Front 29

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Back 29

This valve separates the aortic arch from the left ventricle and prevent back-flow into the ventricle.

Front 30

Aortic Arch and Aorta

Back 30

This is the largest elastic artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood to the body.

Front 31

Chordae Tendonae and Papillary Muscles

Back 31

These are the "heart strings" and the muscles that control the tricuspid and bicuspid valve

Front 32

Coronary Arteries and Veins

Back 32

These are the vessels located on and in the actual myocardium or heart muscle. They supply and drain the myocardium of blood, respectively.

Front 33

First Half of Blood Through Heart Pathway

Back 33

(1) Precava & Postcava --> (2) Right Atrium --> (3) Tricuspid Valve --> (4) Right Ventricle --> (5) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve --> (6) Pulmonary Veins ---> (7) Lungs

Front 34

Second Half of Blood Through Heart Pathway

Back 34

(8) Pulmonary Veins --> (9) Left Atrium --> (10) Bicuspid Valve --> (11) Left Ventricle --> (12) Aortic Semilunar Valve ---> (13) Aorta --> (14) Body

Front 35

Eyelid

Back 35

Pigs are born with closed eyelids

Front 36

Pinna

Back 36

This is the external ear flap. It gathers sound and directs it into the external auditory canal.

Front 37

External Nares

Back 37

The exterior openings of the nose used for breathing and the sense of smell. Pigs have a well-developed sense of smell and use smell as their primary sensory modality when foraging.

Front 38

Vibrissae

Back 38

The long, stiff hairs on the head, commonly called whiskers. Their function is touch.

Front 39

Digits

Back 39

These are the toes and hooves

Front 40

Mammary Papilla

Back 40

There are 5-6 pairs of these structures present in both sexes, but develop into the mammary glands in only females.

Front 41

Umbilical Cord

Back 41

Contains the two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. It serves as the connection between the fetus and the fetal placenta. The vessels within the cord are responsible for nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between the fetus and the mother.

Front 42

Genital Papilla

Back 42

The female's external genitalia

Front 43

Urogenital Opening

Back 43

The opening which is the terminal end of the male urogenital tract.

Front 44

Scrotum

Back 44

A sac of skin beneath the tail containing the male's testes

Front 45

Anus

Back 45

This structure is the terminal opening of the digestive tract.

Front 46

Parotid Gland

Back 46

A large salivary gland which lies posteriorly and ventrally to the massester muscle.

Front 47

Mandibular Gland

Back 47

This salivary gland is small, and has an oval shape. It lies partially ventral to the parotid gland, and between the parotid and the angle of the jaw. It is also called the "submaxillary gland"

Front 48

Sublingual Gland

Back 48

This salivary gland is narrow and flat. It lies beneath the skin, medial to the lower jaw, and alongside the tongue.

Front 49

Thymus Gland

Back 49

This endocrine gland is large, and elongated. It lies beneath the skin on each side of, and over, the trachea. It also extends down into the thoracic cavity and lies on the dorsal surface of the heart. Hormones from the thymus gland stimulate the early development of the immune system.

Front 50

Thyroid Gland

Back 50

This small endocrine gland is darkly colored, and has an oval shape. It lies between the two lobes of the thymus gland, posterior to the larynx, and ventral to the trachea. To find the gland, remove the two sternohyoid muscles.

Front 51

Hard Palate

Back 51

This is the rigid surface which forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

Front 52

Soft Palate

Back 52

This is the smooth surface which forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

Front 53

Tongue

Back 53

This structure lies on the floor of the mouth, between the lower jaws. It is the location of the taste buds and aids in food manipulation.

Front 54

Papillae of the tongue

Back 54

These are the small projections on the tongue. They are particularly large on the anterior margins and the base of the tongue. They aid in the manipulation of food.

Front 55

Pharynx

Back 55

This is the region of the throat where the oral and nasal cavities join.

Front 56

Epiglottis

Back 56

This structure is a flap of skin which covers the glottis. It servers to separate the esophagus from the trachae and prevent food or liquid from entering the trachae.

Front 57

Glottis

Back 57

This is the hole that is the opening of the trachae. It is covered by the epiglottis.

Front 58

Larynx

Back 58

This structure is commonly called the "voice box". It connects to the glottis anteriorly, and the trachae posteriorly. The larynx contains the vocal cords. The coal cords can be viewed by making a longitudinal mid-dorsal incision, and opening the cartilage.

Front 59

Trachae

Back 59

This tube is commonly called the "windpipe". It is a tube extending from the larynx in the throat to the lungs. It is lined with cartilage rings which function to keep the trachae open.

Front 60

Lungs

Back 60

These are the large organs that function in gas exchange. They lie on the lateral sides of the heart.

Front 61

Hilus

Back 61

This is a part of the lung. It is commonly known as the "lung root" and is the only part of the lung attached to the body. The pulmonary vein, artery, and the primary bronchi enter the lung at the location.

Front 62

Diaphragm

Back 62

This is the skeletal muscle located between the lungs and the liver. It is the primary muscle responsible for breathing.

Front 63

Esophagus

Back 63

This is the tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. Trace its entire path down the throat, through the diaphragm, and into the stomach.

Front 64

Stomach

Back 64

This digestive organ lies just posterior to the liver.

Front 65

Lesser omentum

Back 65

A sheet of connective tissue which attaches to and anchors the inside convex curve of the stomach.

Front 66

Greater omentum

Back 66

A sheet of connective tissue which attaches to and anchors the outside concave curve of the stomach.

Front 67

Pyloric Sphincter Muscle

Back 67

A "doughnut-like" smooth muscle, found at the posterior end of the stomach. It separates the stomach from the duodenum.

Front 68

Gall Bladder

Back 68

This structure of a sac containing green bile, located underneath and attached to the middle lobe of the liver.

Front 69

Common Bile Duct

Back 69

The duct which transports bile to duodenum.

Front 70

Liver

Back 70

This is the largest gland in the body, located between the stomach and diaphragm. It is a reddish-brown in color.

Front 71

Spleen

Back 71

This organ is a long, flat, finger-like projection to the right of the stomach. It functions to store blood. It is dark red to purplish in color.

Front 72

Pancreas

Back 72

An organ which has a right and left lobe, and produces digestive enzymes. The right lobe of this is beside the pyloric sphincter, at the base of the stomach.

Front 73

Duodenum

Back 73

The anterior portion of small intestine, just posterior to the stomach.

Front 74

Small Intestine

Back 74

The portion of the digestive system between the stomach and the large intestine.

Front 75

Mesentery

Back 75

This is the sheet of connective tissue attached to the intestine.

Front 76

Cecum

Back 76

This structure is a finger-like projection of the large intestine at the junction of the large and small intestines.

Front 77

Large Intestine

Back 77

The intestines posterior to the cecum. It is larger in diameter than the small intestines.

Front 78

Colon

Back 78

The most posterior portion of the large intestines that desends along and ventral to the ventebral column.

Front 79

Rectum

Back 79

The muscular region at the base of the descending colon just anterior to the anus.

Front 80

Cranial Vena Cava (precava)

Back 80

A large vein carrying blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs, to the right atrium.

Front 81

Brachiocephalic Veins

Back 81

These veins carry blood from the cephalic, subclavian, and jugular veins to the cranial vena cava.

Front 82

Internal Jugular Veins

Back 82

The first set of vessels to emerge from the cranial vena cava, medially. These veins carry blood from the head to the brachiocephalic veins. They are located on either side of the trachae.

Front 83

External Jugular Veins

Back 83

The second set of vessels to emerge from the cranial vena cava, medially. These veins carry blood from the head to the brachiocephalic veins.

Front 84

Cephalic Veins

Back 84

The third vessels to emerge from the cranial vena cava, medially. These veins carry blood from the forelimb to the brachiocephalic veins.

Front 85

Subclavian Veins

Back 85

The fourth set of vessels to emerge from the cranial vena cava, medially. These veins carry blood from the subscapular veins and the axillary veins to the brachiocephalic veins.

Front 86

Axillary Veins

Back 86

These veins carry blood from the forelimbs and join with the subscapular veins to form the subclavian vein.

Front 87

Subscapular Veins

Back 87

These veins carry blood from the region of the arm pit and join with the axillary vein to form the subclavian vein.

Front 88

Caudal Vena Cava

Back 88

A large vein carrying blood from the posterior portion of the body to the right atrium.

Front 89

Hepatic Portal Vein

Back 89

A large vein, located between the stomach and liver. It carries blood from the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and intestines to the liver.

Front 90

Umbilical Vein

Back 90

This vein carries blood containing oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus, should have been cut to open the abdomen.

Front 91

Renal Veins

Back 91

These veins carry blood from the kidneys to the caudal vena cava.

Front 92

Common Iliac Veins

Back 92

These veins carry blood from the external and internal iliac veins to the caudal vena cava.

Front 93

Internal Iliac Veins

Back 93

These veins carry blood from the pelvis to the common iliac veins.

Front 94

External Iliac Veins

Back 94

These veins carry blood from the femoral and deep femoral veins to the common iliac veins.

Front 95

Femoral Veins

Back 95

These veins carry blood from the thigh and lower hind limb to the external iliac veins

Front 96

Deep Femoral Veins

Back 96

These veins carry blood from the thigh to the external iliac veins.

Front 97

Aortic Arch

Back 97

The artery which leaves the left ventricle and gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and aorta.

Front 98

Pulmonary Trunk

Back 98

The large artery emerging from the right ventricle that branches into the pulmonary arteries that carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Front 99

Brachiocephalic Trunk

Back 99

The first large artery arising from the aortic arch. It carries oxygenated blood to the neck, head, and right forelimb.

Front 100

Left Subclavian Artery

Back 100

The second large artery arising from the aortic arch. It carries blood to the left forelimb.

Front 101

Carotid Trunk

Back 101

The first vessel to arise from the right brachiocephalic trunk, medially. It carries blood anteriorly towards the neck and head.

Front 102

Common Carotid Arteries

Back 102

The carotid trunk splits into the right and left common carotid arteries.

Front 103

External Carotid Artery

Back 103

These arteries are the medial branches of common carotid arteries. They carry blood to the area around the massester muscle and chin.

Front 104

Internal Carotid Artery

Back 104

These arteries are the lateral branches of common carotid arteries. They carry blood to the brain.

Front 105

Right Subclavian Artery

Back 105

The second artery to arise from the right brachiocephalic trunk. It supplies blood to the cervical vertebrae and right forelimb.

Front 106

Axillary Arteries

Back 106

These arteries are a continuation of the subclavian arteries. They carry blood to the armpit, shoulder, and forelimb.

Front 107

Brachial Artery

Back 107

These arteries arise from the axillary arteries and carry blood into the forelimb.

Front 108

Aorta

Back 108

The large vessel which lies on the mid-dorsal wall, the length of the abdominal cavity. It carries blood to the entire posterior portion of the body.

Front 109

Celiac Trunk

Back 109

The first artery to branch off of the aorta, posterior to the diaphragm. It carries blood to the stomach, pancreas, and spleen.

Front 110

Cranial Mesenteric Artery

Back 110

The second artery to branch off of the aorta, posterior to the diaphragm. It carries blood to the most of the small intestine.

Front 111

Renal Arteries

Back 111

These two large arteries branch off of the aorta and carry blood to the kidneys.

Front 112

Caudal Mesenteric Artery

Back 112

This artery branches off of the ventral surface of the aorta before it splits into the umbilical arteries. It carries blood to the large intestine and colon.

Front 113

Umbilical Arteries

Back 113

The terminal end of the aorta splits into these two arteries. They enter the umbilical cord and carry blood to the placenta.

Front 114

External Iliac Arteries

Back 114

These arteries branch off the aorta immediately anterior to the umbilical arteries. They carry blood to the thighs and hind limbs.

Front 115

Internal Iliac Arteries

Back 115

These arteries branch dorsally off the aorta, immediately anterior to the umbilical arteries. They carry blood to the pelvic region.

Front 116

Femoral Arteries

Back 116

These arteries are one of two branches of the external iliac arteries. They carry blood to the thigh and lower hind limb.

Front 117

Deep Femoral Arteries

Back 117

These arteries are one of two branches of the external iliac arteries. They carry blood to the thigh.