A&p 2: Exam 3

Front 1

-Measure of heart functioning

-The amount of the blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute

-5.25 liters per min

Back 1

Cardiac output

Front 2

How do you calculate cardiac output?

Back 2

HR * Stroke volume (SV)

Front 3

What is heart rate?

Back 3

The number of ventricular contractions in a minute (~75bpm)

Front 4

What is stroke volume?

Back 4

The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle per beat (~70ml /beat)

Front 5

What nervous system stimulation increases heart rate?

Back 5

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 6

What nervous system stimulation decreases heart rate?

Back 6

Parasympathetic nervous system (ACh)

Front 7

How do you estimate max heart rate?

Back 7

220 - age

Front 8

What nervous system stimulation increases stroke volume?

Back 8

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 9

What is contractility?

Back 9

Norepinephrine and epinephrine acting on cardiac muscle cells making them contract more forcefully.

Front 10

What is preload?

Back 10

The amount of blood that fills the ventricles during ventricular diastole.

Front 11

What happens when cardiac muscle cells become stretched due to increase blood feeling?

Back 11

Stronger contraction which results in increased stroke volume.

Front 12

What is afterload?

Back 12

The blood pressure the ventricles must overcome to pump blood out of them and...

The blood pressure in your pulmonary trunk and aorta.

Front 13

What is cardiac arrest?

Back 13

It's when the heart stops beating.

Front 14

What causes cardiac arrest?

Back 14

-Coronary artery becomes blocked by clock for cholesterol (heart attack)

-Electrocution

-Lack of blood flow to the heart due to excessive bleeding

-Arrhythmia

-Lack of oxygen

Front 15

What is congestive heart failure?

Back 15

The heart is unable to pump normal amounts of blood

Front 16

What's the cavity where blood flows called in a blood vessel?

Back 16

Lumen

Front 17

What is the wall of a blood vessel called?

Back 17

Tunic

Front 18

How many miles of blood vessels are in an adult?

Back 18

50,000 miles

Front 19

What is the structure blood vessel wall?

Back 19

Tunica interna

Tunica Media

Tunica externa

Front 20

What is the Vasa vasorum?

Back 20

Small blood vessels in Tunica Media and externa of large blood vessels

Front 21

What are 7 blood vessel types?

Back 21

-Arteries

-Arterioles

-Capillaries

-Venules

-Veins

-Anastomosis

-Capillary beds

Front 22

What are three types of capillaries?

Back 22

Continuous

Fenestrated

Sinusoids

Front 23

What are arteries?

Back 23

-Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

-Design to handle high blood pressure

-Resembles a garden hose

Front 24

What are arterioles?

Back 24

Microscopic arteries

Front 25

What are capillaries?

Back 25

-Smallest blood vessels

-Only made of tunica interna

-Walls are leaky allowing fluid and cells to cross between Blood and Tissue fluid

Front 26

What is a continuous capillary?

Back 26

-Most common

-Least leaky

-Only fluid can cross walls

Front 27

What are fenestrated capillaries?

Back 27

-Found in glands and kidneys

-More leaky

-Have small pores that allow fluid to easily pass through

Front 28

What are sinusoid capillaries?

Back 28

-Found in liver, spleen and bone marrow

-Leakiest

-Large fenestrations and gaps between cells which cells can pass through

Front 29

What are venules?

Back 29

Microscopic veins

Front 30

What are veins?

Back 30

-Large blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

-Thin Tunica Media

-They have valves

Front 31

What are anastomosis?

Back 31

Arterioles or arteries that interconnect two parallel arteries or arterioles

Front 32

What are capillary beds?

Back 32

-Network of capillaries

-Carries nutrients dissolved from the blood into tissue fluid

-Waste dissolved from tissue into blood

Front 33

What is autoregulation?

Back 33

Tissue regulates blood flow to Itself by releasing heat and chemicals

Front 34

What is blood flow?

Back 34

The amount of blood flowing through a vessel or circuit overtime

Front 35

What is blood pressure?

Back 35

Force exerted by Blood onto inside wall of vessel

Front 36

What is vascular resistance?

Back 36

Friction between blood and inside wall of vessel

Front 37

What is the blood pressure range in arteries?

Back 37

120 mmHg to 80 mmHg

93 mmHg average

Front 38

What is the blood pressure in capillaries?

Back 38

About 25 mmHg

Front 39

What is the blood pressure in veins?

Back 39

About 5 mmHg

Front 40

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure?

Back 40

MAP = 1/3 Systolic BP(120) + 2/3 Diastolic BP(80)

Front 41

How much time does body spend in ventricular systole and ventricular diastole?

Back 41

1/3 & 2/3 of the time

Front 42

What is pulse pressure?

Back 42

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

PP=120-80

PP=40mmHg

Front 43

What is blood pressure gradient?

Back 43

Difference in blood pressure on two ends of a blood vessel or circuit.

*Drives blood flow*

Front 44

Systolic blood pressure is about _____ mmHg.

Back 44

120mmHg

Front 45

Diastolic blood pressure is about ____ mmHg.

Back 45

80mmHg

Front 46

What are four factors that influence blood pressure?

Back 46

-Heart contraction strength

-Heart rate

-Skeletal muscle contraction

-Blood volume

Front 47

What are the three factors that influence vascular resistance?

Back 47

Blood viscosity

Vessel diameter

Vessel length

Front 48

What causes high blood viscosity?

Back 48

High hematocrit

Front 49

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are controlled by what?

Back 49

-Sympathetic nervous system

-Norepinephrine

-Epinephrine

-Other hormones

-Autoregulation

Front 50

Where are immune cells made?

Back 50

Bone marrow

Front 51

Filters abnormal cells from blood.

Back 51

Spleen

Front 52

Just like capillaries, venules, veins.

Carries lymph instead of blood.

Back 52

Lymphatic vessels

Front 53

Bulb like structures along the length of the lymphatic vessels

Back 53

Lymph nodes

Front 54

Large lymph nodes.

Tonsils & Peyer's patches

Back 54

Lymphatic nodules

Front 55

Fluid in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes/nodules.

Back 55

Lymph

Front 56

What is lymph derived from?

Back 56

Interstitial/tissue fluid

Front 57

Where does interstitial fluid enter the lymph system and become lymph?

Back 57

Lymphatic capillaries

Front 58

What is innate immunity?

Back 58

Design of body that protects against infection and toxins

Front 59

What is adaptive immunity?

Back 59

Acquired/specific immunity

Immunity developed during lifetime

Front 60

What is included in innate immunity?

Back 60

Skin

Mucous membranes

Mucus

Sweat

Tears

Urine

Sebum

Gastric juice

Leukocytes

Inflammation

Fever

Front 61

What are interferons?

Back 61

Hormone secreted by virally infected cells signaling neighboring cells to produce antiviral machinery.

Front 62

What is a complement protein?

Back 62

-Produced by the liver

-Binds then tags bacteria for phagocytosis

Front 63

List three types of lymphocytes.

Back 63

B cells

Helper T-cells (CD4+)

Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+)

Front 64

Each lymphocyte has unique ____ on the surface.

Back 64

Antigen receptor

Front 65

Where do B cells mature?

Back 65

Bone marrow

Front 66

Where do helper T cells mature?

Back 66

Thymus

Front 67

Where do cytotoxic T-cells mature?

Back 67

Thymus

Front 68

Explain lymphocyte selection.

Back 68

-Occurs during fetal development

-B & T cells exposed to every type of molecule naturally occurring in your body

-The B & T cells that bind to those molecules are killed off

-The B & T cells left over will be used to bind to foreign molecules (antigens)

Front 69

What are the two types of MHC proteins?

Back 69

MHC I

MHC II

Front 70

What are MHC I proteins?

Back 70

-Made by all cells except B cells and macrophages

-The cell will bind MHC I proteins to molecules within them forming MHC I complexes

-The cell places these complexes on its surface and displays them

Front 71

What are MHC II proteins?

Back 71

-Made by B cells and macrophages

-Macrophages engulf random molecules from the extracellular fluid

-They link the molecules to MHC II forming MHC II complexes

-Then they place the complexes on their surface and displays them

Front 72

What are two forms of acquired immunity?

Back 72

Cell mediated

Antibody-mediated

Front 73

What is cell mediated immunity?

Back 73

-Carried out by Tc cells (w/ help of Th cells)

-Tc cell binds to MHC I complex

-Th cell binds to MHC II complex

-Th cell activates and releases cytokines telling Tc cell to release enzymes

Front 74

What is antibody mediated immunity?

Back 74

-Carried out by B cells (w/ help of Th cells)

-The b-cell eats the antigen

-Links it with MHC II forming MHC II complex

-Displays it on the cell surface

-Th cells docks with it using CD4

-Th cell releases cytokines telling B cell to secrete antibody

Front 75

What is the function of antibodies?

Back 75

They float in your extracellular fluid and bind to antigens

Front 76

What is a motor unit?

Back 76

A nerve and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Front 77

What are the three types of motor units?

Back 77

S(SO) slow oxidative

FR(FOG) fast oxidative glycolytic

FF(FG) fast glycolytic

Front 78

Explain how muscle contraction works.

Back 78

1. Action potential sent down motor neuron

2. ACH released at NMJ, and binds to receptor at motor end plate

3. NA/K ions enter muscle

4. T-tubules stimulate release of CA

5. CA binds to troponin

6. Actin combines with ATP

7. Energy is released to allow cross bridge

8. Thick/thin filaments slide

Front 79

What influences the order in which motor neurons are recruited?

Back 79

Size.

Front 80

What neurons are in the ventral horn of SC?

Back 80

Alpha motorneurons

Front 81

What does.the axon of alpha motor neuron connect to?

Back 81

Multiple muscle fibers throughout muscle.