A&p 2 Ch.19 Blood

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Blood☆

Back 1

• Liquid part of the cardiovascular system.☆

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Function of Blood:☆

Back 2

1. To transport materials to & from cells.

• O2 & CO2 (Lungs)

• Nutrients (GIT)

• Hormones (Endocrine)

• Waste products (To the kidney/Liver)

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Function of Blood: ☆

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2. Regulation of pH & ions: Eliminates deficiencies & excesses of Ca & K, Absorbs Lactic Acid.

3. Restricts fluid losses at injury sites: Enzymes that cause clotting

4. Defense against toxins/pathogens: WBC & Antibodies.

5. Stabilization of body trmparature: Redistributes heat from sleletal muscles.

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Components of whole blood(LCT)☆

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• Plasma

•Fluid Matrix

•water •Plasma protein-in solution • other solution

• Formed elements: •All cells,fragments & solids • Suspended in Plasma •Produced by Hematopoiesis.

• Myeloid &Lymphoid Stem Cells.

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Blood☆

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• Whole Blood=Plasma+Formed elements

• Fractionation - Spinning of Blood

- Process of sperating whole blood for clinical analysis/use. Into plasma and formed elements.

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Source of Whole blood☆

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• Venous Blood- Used for most lab examinations/Blood Donation. From vein by phlebotomy. (Dark Red/purple

• Arterial Blood- From Arteries, usef for Blood gases & pH. (Bright Red)

• Capillary Blood- Used for some tests & for blood from infants. (Bright Red)

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Three Basic Physical Characteristic of Blood:☆

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• Temp; 38°C (100.4°F) is above normal body temperature

• 5 times as Viscous as water

• Slightly alkaline pH (7.35-7.45)

Blood volume: 7% body weight(kg)

•Male: 5-6L •Female: 4-5L

• Diff. Due to size. • Whole blood volume of 70kg man= 4.9L

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What is the liquid compent on blood?☆

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• Plasma

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Plasma☆

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• Makes up 55% of Whole blood Vol.

• More than 90% of plasma is water

• Extracellular fluids(ECF)

- Interstital fuid(IF) & plasma

- Materials in the plasma & IF exchange across capillary walls : Water, Ions, Small solutes.

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Difference between Plasma & IF☆

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• Levels of O2 & CO2

- Tissue Cell Metabolism

- IF has high CO2 & Low O2

• Concentrations & types of dissolved protiens

- Plasma protien do not pass through capillary walls

- IF has 5x less PP concentration.

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Plasma protien

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• Albumins (60%)

- Transport substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, & steroid hormones.

• Globulins (35%)

- Immunoglobulins-antibodies that fight infections

- From Transport Globulins: small molecules,hormines lost at kidney

- Hormone-binding protiens: Thyroid Binding Globulin,(T3/T4),Transcription, (ACTH)

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Fibrin

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• Fribrinogen (4%)

- Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin,clot framework.

• Serum: Plasma minus fibrinogen & clotting protien. *Does not have the ability to clot.

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3 types of formed Elements☆

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• Red blood cells(RBCs) or erythrocytes : Transport oxygen- 5million/microL

• White Blood Cells (WBCs) or leukocytes : Part of the immune system- 5-10 thousand/microL

• Platelets : Cell fragments (clotting)-500 thousand/microL

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Rule of 5th☆

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1. Blood vol: 5L

Plasma vol: 55%

Cells: 45%(pack cells no hematocrit)

2. RBC-5×10^6=5

3. WBC-(5-10)×10^5

4. Platelets-500×10^3

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Hemoglobin☆

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• Binds & transport oxygen & carbon dioxide

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Red blood cell count:☆

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• the number of RBCs in 1microliter of whole blood.

• Male: 4.5-6.3 miliion

• Female: 4.2-5.5 million

• Hematoctit (packed cell volume, PCV): % of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood. • Male: 40-50(47) •Female: 37-47(42)

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Hematocrit (HCT)☆ 45

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Conditions Affecting.

• Increase

• Dehydration • After EPO

• Decrease

• Blood loss • Improper RBC formation

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RBC☆

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• High suface-to-volume ratio

• Quickly absorbs & releases O2

• Disc from stacks called rouleaux

•Smooth the flow through narrow blood vessels

• Disc bend & flex entering small capillaries.

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RBC Life Span

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• Lifespan of RBCs is 120 days * Cannot repair themselves

- no repair - Anaerobic metabolism- (Glucose from plasma) - Cannot use O2 : must deliver all to body cells

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Hemoglobin (Hb)☆ 15gms

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• Protien molecule that transport respiratory gasses

• 95% of intracellular protiens

• Normal hemoglobin: • 14-18g/dL: Male • 12-16g/dL: Female

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Hemoglobin Structure

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• Four globular protein subunits:

• 2 Alpha & 2 Beta chains

• Each with one molecule of heme

• Each heme contains one iron ion

• Iron ions

• weak bonds • Associated easily w/ O2 (oxyhemoglobin) - bright red • Dissociate easily from O2 (deoxyhemoglobin)

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Hemoglobin function☆

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• 98.5% of O2 in Blood stream is bound to Hbg

• Hemoglobin releases O2

• Binds carbon Dioxide

• carbaminohemoglobin

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RBC turnover☆

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• Microphages of liver,spleen, & bone marrow

• Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture (hemolyze)

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RBC turnover☆

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• 90% taken up by macrophages

• 10% hemolyze or rupture

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Know☆

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Front 26

RBC Production

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• Erythropoiesis

• vessels od Yolk Sac in embryo

• Liver & Spleen in fetus

• Occurs only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adults

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Hemocytoblasts

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• Stem cells (in myeloid tissue) divide to produce

-Myeloid stem cells: become RBCs, some WBCs

-Lymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes

• Cells becoming RBC become proerythoblast then Erythroblast

- at day 5 (the normiblast) necleus sheds & becomes a reticulocyte.

- Enters circul. at day 7, mature RBC at day 8

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Regulation of Erythopoiesis

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• Buildind res blood cells requires:

-Amino acids -Iron -Vitamin B12

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Stimulating hormones

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• Erythropotietin (EPO)-(Kidney)

• also called erythropoirsis stimulating hormone

• (hypoxia)

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Blood type☆

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• Amtigens - RBC surfaces protien that identify cells to immune system

• Surface Antigens A,B,Rh,(D)

• RBC Plasma membrane

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Four basic Blood types☆

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• A (Surface antigen A)

• B (Surface antigen B)

• AB (Antigen A & B)

• O (Neither A nor B)

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AB+ is what accepter☆

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• Universal Acceptor

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O- is what donor☆

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• Universal Donor

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Blood typing☆

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Front 35

Blood typing☆

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Front 36

WBC (Leukocyte) ☆

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•Have nuclei & organelles

• Most WBCs are in : Connective tissue proper & Lymphoid system

• Small # in blood 5000-10000 per mL

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WBC function?☆

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1. Defend against pathogens

2. Remove toxins & waste

3. Attack abmormal cells

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WBC 5 types:☆

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• Neutrophils (white dots) : Phagocytesis, 1st reponders. They die=pus *most abundent

• Esinophils (red dots) : Kills parasites(worms) Allergies

• Basophils (blue dots) : Release histamime & heparine: anti coaglant

• Lymphocytes : 3types: B cell- humoral T cell- cell mediated immunity Natural Killer- immuno logical survailence

• Monocytes- move in macrophages, engulf foreign substance(phagocyte)

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☆ bood

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• RBC originate in Bone marrow

• T cells : Thymus

• B cells : Bone marrow

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Granulocytes:☆

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• Neutrophils

• Esinophils

• Basophils (inhance inflammation)

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Agranulocytes☆

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• Monocytes

• Lymphoctes

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☆WBC dissorder

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• Leukopenia- low WBC count

• Leukocytosis- high WBC count

• Leukemia- Extremely high WBC count

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Know

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Leukemia

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Platelets☆

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Function

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Homeostais☆

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Platelet phase

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Coagulation phase

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Know

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Bone marrow

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