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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the blood |
1. Transports: A. Oxygen and nutrients to cells B. Wastes from cells to lungs, liver, kidneys for excretion C. Hormones 2. Regulates: A. Temperature B. pH C. Ionic and water content of cells 3. Protects: A. Blood loss B. Foreign microbes C. Toxins |
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Characteristics of blood and blood cells |
1. Blood is 4 times more viscous than water and slightly heavier than water 2. Hematocrit (Hct): the percentage of erythrocytes (RBCs) in a given volume of blood 3. Plasma: the fluid portion of blood including all dissolved substances 4. Serum: the plasma with the clotting proteins removed
Major components of whole blood: 1. Plasma (55%) 2. Buff coat: Leukocytes & platelets (<1%) 3. Erythrocytes (45%) |
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Characteristics of blood and blood cells (cont) |
Osmolarity of the blood is due to concentration of dissolved solutes in the blood 1. If osmolarity is too high 》 blood absorbs and retains too much fluid》 hypertension 2. If osmolarity is too low》 fluid leaves blood 》 gunter's and remains in the interstitial fluid》 edema 3. Hypoproteinemia: a deficiency of plasma proteins, especially albumin is a common cause of decreased osmolarity and edema. -causes: starvation or low protein in diet) liver disease, kidney disease, severe burns (3rd degree, loss of fluid and proteins through the burn area) |
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Characteristics of blood and blood cells (cont) |
Plasma: the liquid portion of the blood, 92% water with dissolved electrolytes and molecules. 3 classes: 1. Albumin: a carrier molecule, the smallest, most abundant (60%) of plasma proteins. Made in the liver by hepatocytes. function: -maintain osmotic pressure and influence blood pressure - regulates water balance between blood and tissues 2. Globulins: account for 36% of plasma proteins - Alpha and beta globulins made in liver period transport lipids and fat soluble substances through blood - gamma globulins are the antibodies, made by the B lymphocytes (plasma cells) 3. Fibrinogen: approximately 4% of plasma proteins period a precursor of fibrin, which functions in blood clotting Other important substances that are transported by the blood: - nitrogenous waste - nutrients - oxygen and carbon dioxide Important plasma electrolytes: -sodium ions (Na+): major effect on blood volume and blood pressure -- hypernatremia -- hyponatremia - potassium (K+) -- hyperkalemia -- hypokalemia - calcium (Ca+) -- hypercalcemia -- hypocalcemia |
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Characteristics of blood and blood cells (cont) |
Erythrocytes (RBCs): 1. Shaped as biconcave discs 2. Lack nuclei when they are mature 3. Contain High concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) in their cytoplasm -oxyhemoglobin (HbO2): red blood -carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2): blood is blue - hemoglobin: --globulin: protein --heme: nonprotwin pigment, contains iron (Fe+) 4. RBC count: # of RBCs/ul of blood |
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Erythropoiesis: formation of red blood cells occurs by negative feedback mechanism in the red marrow |
1. Hypoxemia: low blood oxygen concentration perceived by the kidneys (mainly) and liver 2. Erythropoietin: a hormone secreted into the blood by the kidney 3. Hemocytoblasts: produced in red marrow and develop into mature erythrocytes
Nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis: 1. Iron: carried in the blood by protein transferrin 2. Vitamin B12 and folic acid: important in cell division and DNA formation |
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Jaundice: a yellowish coloration of skin and whites of the eyes due to excessive bilirubin in the blood and the tissues |
Causes: 1. Accelerated rate of hemolysis 2. Abnormal function of liver cells 3. Blockage of the duct system that prevents bile from leaving the liver and gallbladder |
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Anemia: the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced |
Causes: 1. Decrease in the number of erythrocytes 2. Decreased concentration of hemoglobin per erythrocyte 3. Decreased concentration of iron per erythrocyte -Hemorrhagic: loss of blood -aplastic: defect in red bone marrow resulting in decrease in the production of rbc's -hypochromic: rbc's are light in color pink or white because of decreased concentration of hemoglobin Forms of anemia:-Hemorrhagic: loss of blood-aplastic: defect in red bone marrow resulting in decrease in the production of rbc's-hypochromic: rbc's are light in color pink or white because of decreased concentration of hemoglobin- hemolytic: rapid destruction of rbc's (sickle cell)- sickle cell anemia: genetic disease due to abnormal hemoglobin molecule- pernicious anemia: lack of intrinsic factor in gastric juices- iron deficiency anemia - hemolytic: rapid destruction of rbc's (sickle cell) - sickle cell anemia: genetic disease due to abnormal hemoglobin molecule - pernicious anemia: lack of intrinsic factor in gastric juices - iron deficiency anemia |
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Leukocytes (WBC): transported by circulatory system period migrated across the endothelium of blood vessels by a process called diapedesis |
2 groups: 1. Granulocytes: wbc's that have obvious granules in their cytoplasm - neutrophils: cytoplasm contains pink granules (60-70% wbc), increase in number during bacterial infection, phagocytic against bacteria - eosinophils: cytoplasm contains red granules period nucleus is bilobed (2-4% wbc), increased in parasitic infections and allergies - basophils: (<1%) leave the blood to become mast cells, stain dark blue period nucleus frequently obscured. Granules contain histamine and heparin period key players in anaphylaxis 2 Agranulocytes: wbc's whose cytoplasm lacks conspicuous granules - lymphocytes (25-33% wbc): large round nucleus with little cytoplasm --B-lymphocytes (plasma cells): produce and release antibodies -- T-lymphocytes: cell mediated immunity - monocytes (3-8% wbc): largest of all wbc's, large bean-shaped shaped nucleus, phagocytic 3. WBC count: # of wbc's/ul - leukocytosis: wbc > 10,500 -leukopenia: wbc < 4500 4. Differential WBC count: a book at relative numbers per percentages of white blood cells |
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Thrombocytes (platelets) |
1. Arise from huge cells, megakaryocytes, in red bone marrow 2. Fragments of larger cells 3. Lack a nucleus 4. Circulate about 10 days Function: initiate blood clot formation, repair of damaged blood vessels |
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Hemostasis: blood clotting |
1. Vasospam: smooth muscles in wall of blood vessels contract 2. Platelets stick to rough surfaces and to each other forming a platelet plug 3. Fibrinogen is activated to fibrin by thrombin 4. Fibrin molecules form a network which stick on the walls of the damaged blood vessels resulting in the formation of fibrin net 5. Platelets get tangled in the fibernet and a blood clot is formed
Disorders of hemostasis: - thrombus: abnormal formation of a blood clot in an unbroken blood vessel embolus: clot moving through the blood - embolus: clot moving through the blood- hemophilia: hereditary, absence of a clotting Factor - hemophilia: hereditary, absence of a clotting Factor |
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ABOUT Blood Groups/Rh factor |
1. Agglutinogen A: present with A blood type 2. Agglutinogen B: present with B blood type 3. Agglutinogens A and B: present with AB blood type 4. Neither agglutinogen: present with O blood type Agglutinins (antibodies): develop spontaneously against any protein not present on an individual's rbc's within the first few years after birth - if Rh factor is present you are RH positive, if not Rh negative - anti-rh agglutinin is not present in the blood until your immune cells have been exposed to Rh factor. Initial exposure causes no reaction, future exposures will be dangerous. Agglutination will occur Rh- mom + Rh+ fetus (1st preg) 》 mother will make anti-rh antibodies when there is a mixing of the fetal and maternal blood during birth Second pregnancy with Rh+ fetus, antibodies will cross the placenta and attack the rbc's of the fetus resulting in their destruction and causing hemolytic disease of the newborn - can be prevented if Mom is given shots of rhogam |
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Clinical tests |
1. Hematocrit: percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood Males (42-52%) Females (37-48%) Low Hct: anemia High Hct: polycythemia 2. Hemoglobin (Hb): molecule in rbc's which contains iron and is the molecule that binds oxygen Male (13-18g/100 ml blood) Female (12-16g/100 ml) 3. Clotting time: time required for blood to clot after it is removed from the body (1-3 min) 4. Bleeding time: time for a small, sharp incision to stop bleeding (1-3 min) 5. Complete blood count (CBC): -hematocrit -Hemoglobin -RBC count -wbc count |
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This cell is involved in the killing of parasitic worms |
Eosinophils |
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This cell is involved in the secretion of histamine in response to an allergen |
Basophils |
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This red pigmented cell contains hemoglobin and Carbonic anhydrase |
Erythrocytes |
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These cells migrate to infected tissues and turn into macrophages |
Monocytes |
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This cell type can secrete antibodies into the bloodstream |
Lymphocytes |
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This hormone increases the amount of erythrocytes into the bloodstream |
Erythropoietin |
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Binding of antibodies causes foreign rbc's to Clump up |
Agglutination |
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Individuals with this inheritable disease are resistant to malaria |
Sickle cell anemia |
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This carrier protein in plasma contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood |
Albumin |
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Liquid connective tissue that carries nutrients, oxygen, and waste products |
Blood |
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This organ is involved in the recycling of red blood cells |
Spleen |
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The fraction or ratio of a blood sample that contains the erythrocytes |
Hematocrit |
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What are the three steps of hemostasis |
1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation |
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Plasma without the clotting proteins is called what |
Serum |
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In terms of pressure and volume what is the difference between veins and arteries |
Veins have low pressure and high volume Arteries have high pressure and low volume |
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What are the ABO blood groups? Specify antigens on the rbc's and antibodies in the plasma. Which group is the universal donor? Universal acceptor? |
1. A 》A antigen 》B antibody 2. B 》B antigen 》A antibody 3. AB 》AB antigen 》no antibody 4. O 》no antigen 》AB antibody Universal donor O- Universal acceptor AB+ |
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What is the approximate average blood volume in an adult |
4.7 - 5.5 liters, approximately 7% of body weight |
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What is the hormonal stimulus that prompts red blood cell formation |
Erythropoietin |
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What is the most numerous white blood cell |
Neutrophil |
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Blood proteins play an important part in the following |
Blood clotting, immunity and maintenance of blood volume |
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What is the white blood cell that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals |
Basophils |
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What is the blood cell that can become an antibody secreting |
Lymphocyte |
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What is the normal pH of blood |
About a 7.4 , slightly basic |
