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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What connects bone to bone?
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Ligaments
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What connects bone to muscle?
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Tendons
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What are the 3 functional categories for joints?
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1. Synarthrosis - little to no movement
2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable 3. Diarthrosis - freely moveable |
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What are the 4 structural categories for joints?
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1. Fibrous
2. Synovial 3. Cartilaginous 4. Bony |
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Aside from structure & function, how else can joints be defined?
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The type of movement they allow.
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Define joint/articulation.
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The site where 2 or more bones meet.
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What are the 2 main functions of joints?
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Give skeleton mobility & hold it together.
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What is the weakest part of the skeleton?
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The joints.
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Where are amphiarthrosis and synarthosis joints found?
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Mostly in the axial skeleton
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Are fibrous joints movable?
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slightly movable to no movement. amphiarosis and synarthosis.
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Are synovial joints movable?
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Yes. diarthrosis and amphiarthosis.
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Are cartilaginous joints movable?
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Can be rigid or slightly movable. synarthosis and amphiarosis.
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Do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
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No, they are just joined by fibrous tissue spanning the place between the bones.
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What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
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Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
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Where do you find sutures?
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They only occur between bones of the skull.
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What are synostoses?
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Former sutures. The fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit. Synostoses are the 'bony junctions.'
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What are syndesmoses?
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When bones are connected by ligaments.
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What is a gomphosis
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A peg-in-socket fibrous joint. Ex - tooth in alveolar socket.
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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
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Synchondroses
Sympheses |
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What is a synchondrosis?
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A joint united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage.
Ex - epiphyseal plates connecting diaphysis & epiphysis regions of long bones. |
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What are symphyses?
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Articular surfaces of bones are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage, which is fused to an intervening pad/plate of fibrocartilage.
Amphiarthrotic. |
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What are synovial joints?
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Articulating bones separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity.
Diarthrotic. All limb joints are synovial. |
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What are the 5 distinguishing features of synovial joints?
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1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint (synovial)cavity 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing ligaments |
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What are the "ball bearings" of synovial joints?
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Bursae & tendon sheaths.
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What is a bunion?
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An enlarged bursa at the base of the big toe.
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What 3 things is joint stability dependent on?
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1. Shape of articular surfaces
2. Number & positioning of ligaments 3. Muscle tone |
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How much can a ligament stretch before it snaps?
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6% of its length.
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When ligaments are the major means of bracing a joint, how stable is the joint?
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Not very stable b/c ligaments are subject to snapping.
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What are the two ends of the muscle, and where are they attached?
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The origin is attached to the immovable/less movable bone
The insertion is attached to the movable bone. |
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What are the 4 ranges of motion allowed by synovial joints?
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1. Nonaxial movement - slipping
2. Uniaxial movement - one plane 3. Biaxial movement - 2 planes 4. Multiaxial movement - 3 planes |
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What are the 3 types of movements allowed by synovial joints?
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1. Gliding
2. Angular 3. Rotation |
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What are the 3 types of synovial movements?
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Gliding
Angular Rotation |
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What happens during gliding movements?
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They are the simplest movements, also known as "translation." One flat/nearly flat bone glides over another without angulation or rotation.
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What happens during angular movements?
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They increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones.
Include: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction & circumduction. |
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What is flexion?
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A bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
Ex - bending the head forward on the chest. |
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What is extension?
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The reverse of flexion.
Movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones. Ex - straightening a flexed neck, elbow, etc. |
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What is abduction?
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Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, along the frontal plane.
Ex - raising the arm laterally. |
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What is adduction?
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Opposite of abduction.
Movement of a limb toward the body midline. |
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What is circumduction?
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Moving a limb so it describes a cone in space. Actually consists of flexion, abduction, extension & adduction performed in succession.
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What is rotation?
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The turning of a bone around its own long axis. Can be directed toward or away from the midline.
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What is the ulna?
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Forearm bone that runs from the tip of the elbow to the little finger side of the wrist.
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What is supination?
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Rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.
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What is pronation?
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Rotating the forearm medially so the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly.
The radius & ulna bones form an x. |
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Is the hand in supination or pronation in the anatomical position?
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Supination.
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What is inversion?
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When the sole of the foot turns medially.
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What is eversion?
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When the sole faces laterally.
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What is dorsiflexion?
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When the toes move up (heel strike).
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What are protraction & retraction?
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Nonangular anterior & posterior movements in a transverse plane.
Ex - mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw. |
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What is elevation?
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Lifting a body part superiorly
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What is depression?
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Moving the elevated part inferiorly.
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What is opposition?
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When you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.
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What are the 6 types of synovial joints in order of movability?
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1. Ball & socket joints
2. Condyloid 3. Saddle 4. Gliding / Plane |
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What are plane / gliding joints?
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The articular surfaces are essentially flat and slide over each other.
Ex - intercarpal & intertarsal joints. |
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What are hinge joints?
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When a cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another. Motion is along a single plane
ulna and humerus at elbow joint, finder and toe joints. (phlanges) Monoaxial Joint |
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What are pivot joints?
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When the rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve/ring of bone & ligaments of another.
Ex - Shaking your head no. (atlantoaxial joint) proximal radioulnar joint |
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What is the meniscus? What is its function? |
a pad of fibrocartilage in jaw, wrist, knee, and sternoclavicular joints. Absorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forces. |
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What are tendon sheaths? |
elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon. |
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What are the ball and socket joints? |
Smooth hemispherical head within a cuplike depression. Ex. Genohumeral joint and acetabulum/hip joint |
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What are the saddle joints? |
each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave and convex. (biaxial joint) Ex. The trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb. Can abduct, adduct, flex and extend. |
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What are the condyloid / ellipsoid joints? |
oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next. Ex. radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers (can move in two planes). |
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What is plantarflexion? |
extension of the foot so that the toes point down as in standing tiptoe. |
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How is range of motion tested? |
With a goniometer |
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What is a first class lever? |
fulcrum in the middle between effort and resistance Ex. atlantoccipital joint |
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What is a second class lever? |
Resistance in the middle between fulcrum and effort Ex. temporalis muscle |
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What is a third class lever? |
Effort in the middle between the resistance and the fulcrum. Ex. most joints of the body, bicep muscle applied to the forearm between elbow joint and weight of the hand and forearm. |
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What is the TMJ joint? What is a source of disfunction of this joint? Who is affected? |
temporomandibular joint, TMJ is a syndrome caused by malocclusion and stress - it is inflammation of the articular disc. It is usually found in women in the mid 40's or so. |
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What supports the knee joint? |
meniscus, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, bursa and synovial capsule for stability. |
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What type of tendon inserts on the calcaneus? |
achilles tendon |
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What are sprains? |
torn ligaments or tendons |
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What is arthritis? |
A broad term for pain and inflammation |
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What is bursitis? |
inflammation of fluid filled sac (bursa) |
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What is osteoarthritis? |
results from years of joint ware and tare, articular cartilage softens and degenerates. Bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain. |
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What is arthroplasty? |
replacement of diseased joint with artificial device called prosthesis. |
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What is rheumatoid arthritis? |
an autoimmune attack on a joint. |
