A&p - Ch 8 - Joints

Front 1

What connects bone to bone?

Back 1

Ligaments

Front 2

What connects bone to muscle?

Back 2

Tendons

Front 3

What are the 3 functional categories for joints?

Back 3

1. Synarthrotic - immovable
2. Amphiarthrotic - slightly movable
3. Diarthrotic - freely moveable

Front 4

What are the 3 structural categories for joints?

Back 4

1. Fibrous
2. Synovial
3. Cartilaginous

Front 5

Aside from structure & function, how else can joints be defined?

Back 5

The type of movement they allow.

Front 6

Define joint/articulation.

Back 6

The site where 2 or more bones meet.

Front 7

What are the 2 main functions of joints?

Back 7

Give skeleton mobility & hold it together.

Front 8

What is the weakest part of the skeleton?

Back 8

The joints.

Front 9

Where are immovable & slightly movable joints found?

Back 9

Mostly in the axial skeleton

Front 10

Are fibrous joints movable?

Back 10

No.

Front 11

Are synovial joints movable?

Back 11

Yes.

Front 12

Are cartilaginous joints movable?

Back 12

Can be rigid or slightly movable.

Front 13

Do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?

Back 13

No, they are just joined by fibrou tissue.

Front 14

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Back 14

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.

Front 15

Where do you find sutures?

Back 15

They only occur between bones of the skull.

Front 16

What are synostoses?

Back 16

Former sutures. The fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit. Synostoses are the 'bony junctions.'

Front 17

What are syndesmoses?

Back 17

When bones are connected by ligaments.

Front 18

What is a gomphosis

Back 18

A peg-in-socket fibrous joint. Ex - tooth in alveolar socket.

Front 19

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Back 19

Synchondroses
Sympheses

Front 20

What is a synchondrosis?

Back 20

A joint united by a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage.

Ex - epiphyseal plates connecting diaphysis & epiphysis regions of long bones.

Front 21

What are symphyses?

Back 21

Articular surfaces of bones are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage, which is fused to an intervening pad/plate of fibrocartilage.

Amphiarthrotic.

Front 22

What are synovial joints?

Back 22

Articulating bones separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity.

Diarthrotic.

All limb joints are synovial.

Front 23

What are the 5 distinguishing features of synovial joints?

Back 23

1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint (synovial)cavity
3. Articular capsule
4. Synovial fluid
5. Reinforcing ligaments

Front 24

What are the "ball bearings" of synovial joints?

Back 24

Bursae & tendon sheaths.

Front 25

What is a bunion?

Back 25

An enlarged bursa at the base of the big toe.

Front 26

What 3 things is joint stability dependent on?

Back 26

1. Shape of articular surfaces
2. Number & positioning of ligaments
3. Muscle tone

Front 27

How much can a ligament stretch before it snaps?

Back 27

6% of its length.

Front 28

When ligaments are the major means of bracing a joint, how stable is the joint?

Back 28

Not very stable b/c ligaments are subject to snapping.

Front 29

What are the two ends of the muscle, and where are they attached?

Back 29

The origin is attached to the immovable/less movable bone

The insertion is attached to the movable bone.

Front 30

What are the 4 ranges of motion allowed by synovial joints?

Back 30

1. Nonaxial movement - slipping
2. Uniaxial movement - one plane
3. Biaxial movement - 2 planes
4. Multiaxial movement - 3 planes

Front 31

What are the 3 types of movements allowed by synovial joints?

Back 31

1. Gliding
2. Angular
3. Rotation

Front 32

What are the 3 types of synovial movements?

Back 32

Gliding
Angular
Rotation

Front 33

What happens during gliding movements?

Back 33

They are the simplest movements, also known as "translation." One flat/nearly flat bone glides over another without angulation or rotation.

Front 34

What happens during angular movements?

Back 34

They increase or decrease the angle between 2 bones.

Include: flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction & circumduction.

Front 35

What is flexion?

Back 35

A bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.

Ex - bending the head forward on the chest.

Front 36

What is extension?

Back 36

The reverse of flexion.

Movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones.

Ex - straightening a flexed neck, elbow, etc.

Front 37

What is abduction?

Back 37

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, along the frontal plane.

Ex - raising the arm laterally.

Front 38

What is adduction?

Back 38

Opposite of abduction.

Movement of a limb toward the body midline.

Front 39

What is circumduction?

Back 39

Moving a limb so it describes a cone in space. Actually consists of flexion, abduction, extension & adduction performed in succession.

Front 40

What is rotation?

Back 40

The turning of a bone around its own long axis. Can be directed toward or away from the midline.

Front 41

What is the ulna?

Back 41

Forearm bone that runs from the tip of the elbow to the little finger side of the wrist.

Front 42

What is supination?

Back 42

Rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.

Front 43

What is pronation?

Back 43

Rotating the forearm medially so the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly.

The radius & ulna bones form an x.

Front 44

Is the hand in supination or pronation in the anatomical position?

Back 44

Supination.

Front 45

What is inversion?

Back 45

When the sole of the foot turns medially.

Front 46

What is eversion?

Back 46

When the sole faces laterally.

Front 47

What is eversion?

Back 47

When the sole of the foot faces laterally.

Front 48

What are protraction & retraction?

Back 48

Nonangular anterior & posterior movements in a transverse plane.

Ex - mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw.

Front 49

What is elevation?

Back 49

Lifting a body part superiorly

Front 50

What is depression?

Back 50

Moving the elevated part inferiorly.

Front 51

What is opposition?

Back 51

When you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.

Front 52

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Back 52

1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball & socket joints

Front 53

What are plane joints?

Back 53

The articular surfaces are essentially flat.

Ex - intercarpal & intertarsal joints.

Front 54

What are hinge joints?

Back 54

When a cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another. Motion is along a single plane

Front 55

What are pivot joints?

Back 55

When the rounded end of one bone protrudes into a sleeve/ring of bone & ligaments of another.

Ex - Shaking your head no.