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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anatomy
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Deals with the structures of the body and the relationship among structures
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Define Physiology
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The science of body functions - how the body parts work
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List the six levels of organization in the body.
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Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, System level and Organismal level
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Chemical level
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Includes atoms - the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together
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Cellular level
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The basic structural and functional units on an organism
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Tissue level
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Tissues consist of groups of similarly specialized cells and substances surrounding them that usually arise form a common ancestor and perform certain special functions
Examples: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous |
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Organ level
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Are structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions, recognizable shapes
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System level
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Consist of related organs that have a common function. The human organism is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems. Digestive system includes the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestine, gallbladder, liver and pancreas.
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Organismal level
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Any organism, any living individual. All parts of the human body functioning together constitutes the total organism
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List the six life processes / major characteristics of life
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1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness 3. Movement 4. Growth 5. Differentiation 6. Reproduction |
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Metabolism
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Is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism
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Catabolism
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The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Example: Digestive processes catabolize proteins in food into amino acids. These amino acids are used to anabolize new proteins that make up body structures - muscle/bones |
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Anabolism
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The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
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Responsiveness
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The bodies ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
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Movement
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Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells
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Growth
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Refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both
Sometimes the increase is due to the amount of material between cells . . . in a growing bone mineral deposits accumulate between bone cells, causing bone to grow in length and width |
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Differentiation
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Is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.
A fertilized egg develops into an embryo, and then into a fetus, an infant, a child and finally an adult |
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Reproduction
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Refers to either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
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What is homeostasis?
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A condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment produced by ceasless interplay of al the body's regulatory processes
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Which systems regulate homeostasis?
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It is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system.
Nervous system - detects changes and sends nerve impulses to organs to counteract the disruption (action potentials) Endocrine system - regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones (messenger molecules into the blood) Nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones work more slowly |
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Metabolism
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Is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism
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Catabolism
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The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Example: Digestive processes catabolize proteins in food into amino acids. These amino acids are used to anabolize new proteins that make up body structures - muscle/bones |
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Anabolism
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The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
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Responsiveness
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The bodies ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
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Movement
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Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells
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Growth
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Refers to an increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both
Sometimes the increase is due to the amount of material between cells . . . in a growing bone mineral deposits accumulate between bone cells, causing bone to grow in length and width |
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Differentiation
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Is the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state.
A fertilized egg develops into an embryo, and then into a fetus, an infant, a child and finally an adult |
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Reproduction
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Refers to either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
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What is homeostasis?
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A condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment produced by ceasless interplay of al the body's regulatory processes
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Which systems regulate homeostasis?
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It is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system.
Nervous system - detects changes and sends nerve impulses to organs to counteract the disruption (action potentials) Endocrine system - regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones (messenger molecules into the blood) Nerve impulses cause rapid changes, hormones work more slowly |
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ICF
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Intracellular fluid. The fluid within the cells
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ECF
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Extracellular fluid. Fluid outside of body cells
ECF within blood vessels is termed: blood plasma, within lymphatic vessels is called lymph and in and around the brain and spinal cord is known as cerebrospinal fluid. In joints it is referred to as synovial fluid, and ECF of the eyes is called aqueous humor and vitreous body |
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Interstitial fluid
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The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues i
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Why is interstitial fluid called the body's internal environment?
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The proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them
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How the nervous system regulates homeostasis
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By sending electrical signals known as nerve impulses (action potentials) to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state
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How the endocrine system regulates homeostasis
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The endocrine system includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood. Nerve impulses cause rapid changes. Both means of regulation usually work through negative feedback systems
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Feedback system and its components
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A feedback system is a cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus. The 3 components are a Receptor, Control Center and the Effector
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Feedback system: Receptor
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Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center ie. Certain nerve endings in the skin sense a temp change
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Feedback system: Control Center
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Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (ie the brain), evaluates the input it receives from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
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Feedback system: Effector
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Is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
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Feedback system
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A group of receptors and effectors communicating with their control center forms a feedback system. The response of the system "feedback" information to change the controlled condition in some way, either negating it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)
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Negative Feedback System
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If a response reverses the original stimuli (ie homeostasis of blood pressure)
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Positive Feedback System
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If a response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus (ie normal childbirth or what happens when you lose a great deal of blood - see pg.10-11)
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Disruption of homeostasis
Disorder Disease |
Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death
A disorder is a general term for any derangement of abnormality of function A disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms |
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Signs vs Symptoms
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Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (ie fever or rash)
Symptoms are subjective changes in the body functions that are not visible to the observer (headache, nausea, and anxiety) |
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Feedback system
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A group of receptors and effectors communicating with their control center forms a feedback system. The response of the system "feedback" information to change the controlled condition in some way, either negating it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)
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Negative Feedback System
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If a response reverses the original stimuli (ie homeostasis of blood pressure) and therefore increases the response
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Positive Feedback System
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If a response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus (ie normal childbirth or what happens when you lose a great deal of blood - see pg.10-11)
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Disruption of homeostasis
Disorder Disease |
Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death
A disorder is a general term for any derangement of abnormality of function A disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms |
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Signs vs Symptoms
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Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (ie fever or rash)
Symptoms are subjective changes in the body functions that are not visible to the observer (headache, nausea, and anxiety) |
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Feedback system
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A group of receptors and effectors communicating with their control center forms a feedback system. The response of the system "feedback" information to change the controlled condition in some way, either negating it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)
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Negative Feedback System
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If a response reverses the original stimuli (ie homeostasis of blood pressure) and therefore increases the response
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Positive Feedback System
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If a response enhances or intensifies the original stimulus (ie normal childbirth or what happens when you lose a great deal of blood - see pg.10-11)
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Disruption of homeostasis
Disorder Disease |
Disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death
A disorder is a general term for any derangement of abnormality of function A disease is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms |
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Signs vs Symptoms
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Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (ie fever or rash)
Symptoms are subjective changes in the body functions that are not visible to the observer (headache, nausea, and anxiety) |
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The 3 layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
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The meninges
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Thoracic/chest cavity is made up of . . .
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the ribs, muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column
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Thoracic cavity contains what three cavities
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1. Pleural cavity - each contains a lung
2. Pericardial cavity-contains the heart 3. Mediastinum-located between the pleural cavities, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. It contains all thoracic viscera except lungs |
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Viscera of the abdominal cavity include:
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Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine
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Viscera of the pelvic cavity include:
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Urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, internal organs of reproductive system
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T or F.
Serous membranes line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and cover the organs within them? |
True
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Name the serous membranes that line the thoracic/abdominal cavities and what each is assoc. with.
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They include the pleura, associated with the lungs; the pericardium, associated with the heart; and the peritoneum, associated with the abdominal cavity.
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To describe the location of organs more easily, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into nine regions . . . they are
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R. Hypochondriac, epigastric, L. hypochondriac, R. lumbar, umbilical, L. lumbar, R. inguinal (iliac), hypogastric (pubic), and L. inguinal (iliac)
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To locate the site of an abdominopelvic abnormality in clinical studies, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into quadrants:
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RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
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Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function?
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Organs
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What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback systems?
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That in a negative feedback system, the response reverses the original stimulus, but in positive feedback systems, the response enhances the original stimulus
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What would happen to heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by way of positive or negative feedback?
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The heart rate increases due to operation of this negative feedback system
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Why do positive feedback systems that are part of a normal physiological response include some mechanisms that terminates the system?
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Because positive feedback systems continually intensify or reinforce the original stimulus, some mechanism is needed to end the response
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What is the usefulness of defining one standard anatomical position?
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allows directional terms to be clearly defined so that any body part can be described in relations to any other part
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Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions?
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The frontal plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions
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Which plane divides the brain into unequal right and left portions?
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The parasagittal plane divides the brain into unequal right and left protions
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In which cavities are the following organs located: urinary bladder, stomach, heart, small intestines, lungs,internal female reproductive organs, thymus, spleen, liver? T, A, or P
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Urinary bladder=P, stomach=A, heart=T, small intestine=A, lungs=T, internal female reproductive organs=P, thymus=T, spleen=A, liver=A
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To which body systems do the organs shown (p.19) here within the abdominal and pelvic cavities belong?
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The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart and the pleural cavities surround the lungs
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In which abdominopelvic region is each of the following found: most of the liver, transverse colon, urinary bladder, spleen? In which abdominopelvic quadrant would pain from appendicitis be felt?
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Liver- mostly in the epigastric region; the transverse colon-the umbilical region; urinary bladder-hypogastric region; spleen-left hypochondriac region. The pain associated with appendicitis would be felt in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)
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Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function?
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Organs
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What is the main difference between negative and positive feedback systems?
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That in a negative feedback system, the response reverses the original stimulus, but in positive feedback systems, the response enhances the original stimulus
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What would happen to heart rate if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by way of positive or negative feedback?
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The heart rate increases due to operation of this negative feedback system
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Why do positive feedback systems that are part of a normal physiological response include some mechanisms that terminates the system?
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Because positive feedback systems continually intensify or reinforce the original stimulus, some mechanism is needed to end the response
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What is the usefulness of defining one standard anatomical position?
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allows directional terms to be clearly defined so that any body part can be described in relations to any other part
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Which plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions?
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The frontal plane divides the heart into anterior and posterior portions
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Which plane divides the brain into unequal right and left portions?
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The parasagittal plane divides the brain into unequal right and left protions
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In which cavities are the following organs located: urinary bladder, stomach, heart, small intestines, lungs,internal female reproductive organs, thymus, spleen, liver? T, A, or P
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Urinary bladder=P, stomach=A, heart=T, small intestine=A, lungs=T, internal female reproductive organs=P, thymus=T, spleen=A, liver=A
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To which body systems do the organs shown (p.19) here within the abdominal and pelvic cavities belong?
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The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart and the pleural cavities surround the lungs
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In which abdominopelvic region is each of the following found: most of the liver, transverse colon, urinary bladder, spleen? In which abdominopelvic quadrant would pain from appendicitis be felt?
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Liver- mostly in the epigastric region; the transverse colon-the umbilical region; urinary bladder-hypogastric region; spleen-left hypochondriac region. The pain associated with appendicitis would be felt in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)
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