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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where are the adrenal glands
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retroperitoneum - above the kidneys, below the diaphram at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae
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What are the two structures in each adrenal glands?
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adrenal cortex and the medulla
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What do the adrenal glands do?
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Produce 2 dozen hormones - cortex mainly produces cortisol, aldosterone and androgens, while the medulla chiefly produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Glucocorticoids
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class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Regulate of the metabolism of glucose.
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Minerakorticoids
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similar to aldosterone. influence salt and water in the body, ensure adequate sodium, making sure KD doesn't leak too much salt into urine. helps maintain BP.
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Androgen
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responsible for pubic and axillary hair. stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of male characteristics (Testosterone is an androgen so is steroid DHEA). Precursor to estrogen.
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Catecholamines
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"fight-or-flight" hormones released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. They are part of the sympathetic nervous system.
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What are the most abundant catecholamines in the body?
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epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and dopamine, all of which are produced from phenylalanine and tyrosine.
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Where are catecholamines produced?
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in the medulla
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Norepinephrine
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Norepinephrine
-hormone & neurotransmitter. -As a stress hormone, affects brain - ex: amygdala -- attention/responses. -With epinephrine -increases heart rate -releases glucose from energy stores - increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, and increases oxygen supply to brain. |
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When norepinephrine acts as a drug it
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norepinephrine as a drug...
-increases blood pressure by increasing vascular tone through α-adrenergic receptor activation. -results in baroreceptor reflex, a drop in heart rate called reflex bradycardia |
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What is the 2nd messenger system?
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molecules relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus. They relay the signals of hormones like epinephrine (adrenalin), growth factors, and others.
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What is an example of a 2nd messenger for epinephrine?
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triggers a second messenger, cyclic AMP, for the liver to convert glycogen to glucose
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What is hormonal homeostasis?
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-hormone secretion regulated through hypothalamus & pituitaryegulate their own secretion through negative feedback inhibition.
-Ex: cortisol, binds to its receptor on cells in the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis, and has the effect of inhibiting secretion of tropic hormones: in this case, CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). Less CRH secretion --> less ACTH secretion --> less stimulation of cortisol secretion by cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. |
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What are the two (major) classes of hormones?
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1) proteins, peptides, and modified amino acids
2) steroids |
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what is an example of a steroid hormone?
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cholesterol; the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone; anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.
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what is an example of a protein hormone?
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TSH (Thyroid synthesizing hormone), GH (growth hormone)
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What are prostiglandins
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LOCALLY acting messenger molecules (not hormones). regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue; derived from fatty acids
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What is the Thymus Gland
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in the neck, atrophies rapidly in adulthood (active until pre-adolescent). produces thymosin, which matures T-Cells of the immune system
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Pituitary Gland
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"Master Gland" located in the brain. dangles from hypothalamus. 2 major lobes. Makes 7 major hormones.
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What hormones are produced in the pituitary gland?
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TSH - thyroid stim hormone (in neck)
ACTH - stimulates adrenals on KI FSH - follicle stim hormone; matures follicle in ovary LH - leutenizing, matures cells of repro MSH - melanocyte stim, increased synth of pigmentation GH - growth hormone (stims |
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pineal gland
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3rd eye
regulates melatonin, circadian rhythms/24-hour clock responds to light/dark |
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panceatic ilet cells
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2 antagonistic hormones insulin and glucogon
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insulin is made by
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beta cells; glucose uptake from the blood
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glucogon is made by
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alpha cells and causes glucose to be released from blood.
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ovaries
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female sex glands produced by estrogen which is femanizing (breasts, fat placement)
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testes
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male sex glands produce testosterone which is masculine (muscles, deep voice, facial hair)
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blood plasma
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-93% water
-slightly alkaline in nature -4-6 L in avg human body. -yellow liquid part of blood in which blood cells are suspended -need centrifuge to separate |
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red blood cells (RBC)
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-erythrocytes
-carry O2 (to body tissue) and CO2 (remove waste) -most numerous blood cells in body -biconcave, lose nucleus early -contain hemoglobin |
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hemoglobin
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-iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen
-responsible for the blood's red color. |
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white blood cells
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leukocytes
immune system |
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basophils (WBC)
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hiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing vasodilation
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Lymphocytes (WBC)
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Tcells, Bcells and Natural Killer Cells
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Artery
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takes blood away from HT
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Vein
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brings blood to the HT
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Capillaries
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1 cell thick
microcirculation connect artery |
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SA Node
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Pacemaker in RT Atrium
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QRS Complex
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part of tracing on EKG scan
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Purkinje fibers
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- inner ventricular walls of the heart, -specialized myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus
-enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion. |
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bundle of His (AV bundle)
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-heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction
-transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to apex of the fascicular branches. -then leads to the Purkinje fibers |
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Systolic
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maximum in BP
-when heart is contracting, LT ventricle controls timing. -positive fluid pressure drives blood flow out of the heart --> body and lungs. -measurements often based on ejection fraction (or EF) and cardiac output (or CO). -systole -> time-phased fashion, allowing forward propulsion of blood through and out of the heart. |
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pericardium
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a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels.
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thoracic duct
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largest lymphatic vessel in the body
-L2 -> neck -collects substantial amount of lymph in body and drains into circulatory system |
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lymphatic
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-lymphatic vessels carry lymph fluid unidirectionally toward the heart. -Lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, tonsils.
-lymphocytes - spleen, thymus, bone marrow |
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cisterna chyli
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-found at end of thoracic duct
-primary lymph vessel -carries lymph and chyle from abdomen (via the aortic opening ) --> left subclavian vein -receives fatty chyle from the intestines; acts as conduit for lipid products of digestion. |
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right lymphatic duct
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medial border of scalenes. drains lymph fluid from right arm, head/neck
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lymphocytes
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WBCs can be divided into two groups - granular large (NKC) and small lymphocytes (Tcells and Bcells)
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Natural Killer Cells
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-major role in the rejection of tumors and viruses.
-kill cells by releasing proteins called perforin and granzyme -cause target cell to die by programmed cell death |
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MALT
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-lymphoma
-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) -frequently stomach cancer but any mucosal site can be afflicted. -originating from B cells in the marginal zone of the MALT |
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Lymphoid Glands
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Lymph nodes, ball shaped organs of the immune/armpit/gut
-throat infections or cancer -used for cancer staging |
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Thymus Gland
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-immune system organ (adaptive immune system)
-produces Tcells -located in ant/sup mediastinum -in front of HT behind sternum |
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Spleen
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-left upper quadrant of the abdomen. -removes old red blood cells
-holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock while also recycling iron. -part of mononuclear phagocyte system, -synthesizes antibodies removes antibody-coated bacteria/blood cells via circulation |
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Tonsils
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-first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens.
-believed to fight pharyngeal and upper respiratory tract infections -largest size near puberty, atrophy thereafter. |
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Lymphoid Nodules
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mass of lymphoid tissue in
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neutrophils -
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live 7-11 days (defense) phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds
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eosinophils -
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inflammatory cells in allergic reaction, kill parasites
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monocytes,
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also "vacuum cleaner" (phagocytosis)
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