Antomy And Physiology Chapter 3: Cells

Front 1

cell

Back 1

basic unit of all living things!

Front 2

prokaryotic cells

Back 2

pro=no. these cells have no nucleus!

Front 3

eukaryotic cells

Back 3

complex cells with a nucleus and subcellular structures (organelles). All fungi, plants and animals are eukaryotes.

Front 4

Cells are composed of what three main parts?

Back 4

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Front 5

functions of plasma membrane?

Back 5

semi permeable barrier, separate cell internal environment from outside environment, plays role in diffusion/osmosis.

Front 6

function of cytoplasm?

Back 6

contains all cellular contents between the cytoskeleton/organelles.

Front 7

define organelles:

Back 7

structures embedded in cytosol, having characteristic shapes and specific functions.

Front 8

function of nucleus?

Back 8

large organelle that contains DNA in molecules called chromosomes.

Front 9

chomosome contains:

Back 9

genes.

Front 10

Function of plasma membrane:

Back 10

cover and protect cell, controls what goes in and comes out, links to other cells, tell other cells "who it is".

Front 11

Describe the fluid mosaic model?

Back 11

what the plasma membrane is, lipids act as barrier to polar substances, proteins act as gatekeepers allowing specific molecules and ions to pass.

Front 12

What makes up the plasma membrane?

Back 12

phospholipids form a lipid bilayer, cholesterol and glycolipids also contribute.

Front 13

integral proteins

Back 13

extend into or through the bilayer

Front 14

transmembrane proteins

Back 14

span entire lipid bilayer, substances needed by cell but for which membrane is impermeable, act as channels and transporters.

Front 15

peripheral proteins

Back 15

attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane.

Front 16

glycoproteins

Back 16

membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid.

Front 17

transporters

Back 17

selectively move substances through the membrane

Front 18

receptors

Back 18

for cell recognition, are very specific!

Front 19

ligand

Back 19

a molecule that binds with a receptor.

Front 20

enzymes

Back 20

catalyze chemical reactions, speed up chem. rxn, enzymes do not run out!

Front 21

selective permeability

Back 21

small, neutrally charged lipid-soluble substances can freely pass. water is special case, because it is highly polar yet still freely permeable.

Front 22

passive processes

Back 22

involve substances moving across cell membranes WITHOUT INPUT OF ANY ENERGY. Move "with" or "down" the concentration gradient. Ex. diffusion of solutes, diffusion of water, facilitated diffusion

Front 23

active processes

Back 23

involve the use of energy ATP, move substance AGAINST concentration gradient, from low to high! Various types of transporters are used!

Front 24

facilitated diffusion

Back 24

requires specific channel or carrier model but no energy is used!

Front 25

diffusion

Back 25

passive spread of particles through random motion, from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Is affected by amount of substance and steepness of concentration gradient, temp, surface area, and diffusion distance.

Front 26

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

Back 26

know example? passage of potassium ions through a gated K+ channel

Front 27

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

Back 27

know example? passage of glucose across cell membrane.

Front 28

osmosis

Back 28

always water! net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration. (SOLUTES LOW TO HIGH BECAUSE OF OSMOSIS!)

Front 29

What 2 ways can water pass through the plasma membrane?

Back 29

through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion, and through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins).

Front 30

tonicicity

Back 30

the concentration of salt sol'ns in blood and elsewhere, osmosis of water is free to occur b/t fluid spaces.

Front 31

hypertonic

Back 31

crenation

Front 32

hypotonic

Back 32

lysis

Front 33

isotonic

Back 33

equilibrium

Front 34

antiporters

Back 34

carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions

Front 35

symporters

Back 35

carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction

Front 36

vesicle

Back 36

a small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane (golgi puts things in vesicles)

Front 37

endocytocis

Back 37

materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from he plasma membrane.

Front 38

cytoskeleton

Back 38

network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol, provide structural support for the cell, (microfilaments, intermediate and microtubules deal w/ support structure and transport)

Front 39

centrosome

Back 39

located near nucleus, consist of 2 centrioles and play role in mitosis!

Front 40

cilia

Back 40

short hair like projections from cell surface move fluids along a cell surface

Front 41

flagella

Back 41

sperm only!

Front 42

ribosomes

Back 42

site of protein synthesis

Front 43

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 43

network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules

Front 44

rough ER

Back 44

surface studded w/ ribosomes important for protein synthesis

Front 45

smooth ER

Back 45

lacks ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies certain drugs

Front 46

golgi complex

Back 46

has cisternae. modify, sort, package proteins for transport to different destinations, proteins transported by various vesicles.

Front 47

lysosomes

Back 47

vesicles that form from golgi complex, contain powerful digestive enzymes

Front 48

peroxisomes

Back 48

deal w/ detoxification, smaller than lysosomes, detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol, abundant in the liver.

Front 49

mitochondria

Back 49

powerhouse of cell, generate ATP, have cristae, can self replicate, own set of DNA, this is inherited ONLY from your mom!

Front 50

cristae

Back 50

series of folds of inner membrane, in mitochondria.

Front 51

nucleus

Back 51

most important! has nuclear envelope, nucleolus (produces ribosomes), genes, and chromosomes

Front 52

histone proteins

Back 52

allow chromatin to wrap around it to make a chromosome. DNA makes up chromatin

Front 53

somatic cell division

Back 53

mitosis (body cell) 23 pairs of chromosomes. diploid=2 sets!

Front 54

interphase

Back 54

cell is not dividing, replicates its DNA which happens in S phase, consist of g1, s, and g2 phases.

Front 55

mitotic phase

Back 55

consists of a nuclear division and cytoplasmic division to form 2 identical cells.

Front 56

prophase

Back 56

chromatin fibers change into chromosomes

Front 57

metaphase

Back 57

microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate

Front 58

anaphase

Back 58

chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of cell, chromatids are now called chromosomes.

Front 59

telophase

Back 59

two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes now in their chromatin form.

Front 60

cytokinesis

Back 60

division of cell cytoplasm, begin in late anaphase, plasma membrane constricts at its middle, forming cleavage furrow, cell split into 2 daughter cells, interphase begins when this is complete.

Front 61

meiosis

Back 61

occur in gonads, sex cells only, produce gamests with half number of chromosomes.

Front 62

fertilization

Back 62

restore diploid number of chromosomes to 46.

Front 63

haploid cells

Back 63

gametes contain single set of 23 chromosomes

Front 64

stages of meiosis?

Back 64

meiosis I and meiosis II. each stage consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.