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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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on the surface of the animal |
antiseptic |
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on inanimate objects |
Disinfectant |
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Stop growth of bacteria Then the immune system kills the bacteria |
Bacteriostatic |
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antibiotic kills bacteria directly |
bactericidal |
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gram positive(easy to kill) and gram negative(harder to kill cause severe diseases) |
Broad spectrum |
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gram positive or gram negative |
narrow spectrum |
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The lowest drug concentration needed to inhibit bacterial growth |
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration |
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The highest concentration of a drug that can be tolerated by an animal before significant toxicity signs or adverse effects occur |
Maximum Inhibitory Concentration |
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If the cultured bacteria has a MIC for a drug that is a lower concentration than the drug’s MTD concentration, the cultured bacteria is considered to be _________ to that antibiotic |
susceptible or sensitive |
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If the MIC determined for the bacteria that is cultured from a site of infection is higher than the drug’s MTD concentration, the bacteria is then considered to be ______ |
resistant |
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The bacteria can still live or divide in presence of antibiotic which should kill or inhibit it. |
Bacterial resistance |
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bacteria lacks the necessary metabolic pathway or cell wall for antibiotic to work. |
natural resistance |
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bacteria develops method to prevent antibiotic from working. |
Acquired Resistance |
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The MIC of the bacteria for a certain drug is still below the MTD concentration but the MIC is very close to the MTD concentration and the actual concentration of the drug at the site of the infection may not be sufficient to inhibit the bacterial growth. |
Intermediate |
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The concentration to kill the bacteria, not just inhibit it. |
Minimum bactericidal concentration |
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The MBC is ____ than the MIC |
higher |
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Continued exposure to ingesting antibiotic residue could result in bacterial overgrowth in the gut |
Superinfection |
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Bacteriocidal Work mostly by blocking enzymes needed to assemble the cell wall during cell divisionNarrow spectrum – mostly gram positivesExcreted in the urine unchanged so great to use for urinary tract infections/cystitis |
Penicillins |
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first true antibiotic discovered over 75 years ago from mold Includes Penicillin G Many bacteria now resistant to it Always given by injection – stomach acid inactivates it if given orally |
Natural penicillins |
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Suspension of penicillin G combined with _____ – effective for 24 hours |
Procaine |
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Suspension of penicillin G combined with _____ – effective for3-5 days |
Benzathine |
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Bacteriocidal Work mostly by blocking enzymes needed to assemble the cell wall during cell divisionNarrow spectrum – mostly gram positivesExcreted in the urine unchanged so great to use for urinary tract infections/cystitis |
Penicillins |
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first true antibiotic discovered over 75 years ago from mold Includes Penicillin GMany bacteria now resistant to it Always given by injection – stomach acid inactivates it if given orally |
Natural Penicillins |
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Wider spectrum of activity against gram negative bacteria than penicillin G Can still be destroyed by B lactamase Not inactivated by gastric acid so come in oral forms IE: Ampicillin and Amoxicillin |
Aminopenicillins |
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Penicillin drugs that might normally be inactivated by β lactamase can be protected from the enzyme can be combined with another compound producing a stronger or potentiated penicillin that is now resistant to β lactamase and more broad spectrum |
Potentiated Penicillins |
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Oldest ones developed first Primarily effective against gram positive bacteria – Staph and Strep More resistant to β lactamase than the penicillins Examples – cefadroxil, cephapirin, cephalexin, cefazolin |
1st gen cephalosporins |
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Cefa-lak® , Cefa-dri® intramammary mastitis treatment all dry cow treatments are Pr |
Cephapirin |
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Used in small animals for skin and UTIS Cefa-drops |
Cephedrocil |
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Oral paste for dogs to treat pyoderms Vetolexin |
Cephalexin |
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More effective against gram negative bacteria but less effective against gram positive (Staph and Strep) than first generation Ex: no veterinary approved drugs in this generation |
2nd Gen Cephalosporins |
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Newest - most recently developed Even more effective against gram negative bacteria Even effective against pseudomonas Less effective against gram positive Staph and Strep Ex: cefovexin, cefpodoxime, ceftiofur |
3rd Gen Cephalosporins |
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Excenel® sterile powder (must mix up yourself)Labeled for SQ use in dogs for UTI’s Labeled for IM use in cattle, horses and lambs for respiratory disease |
Ceftiofur |
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for dogs and cats SQ injection one injection effective for 14 daysto treat skin and UTI |
Cefovecin |
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Oral daily tablet for dogs onlyUsed for skin infection Simplicef |
Cefprodoxime proxetil |
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usually have –micin or mycin as suffixBacteriocidal - work by combining with the ribosome to stop protein synthesis Narrow spectrum – gram negative aerobes Must be actively transported into bacteria by a carrier mechanism that requires oxygen Cell wall inhibiting antibiotics such as penicillin may enhance the ability of aminoglycosides to enter the bacteria |
Aminoglycosides |
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Has the greatest potential to induce nephrotoxicity Most often used in skin, ear and eye topical preparations Also used in oral preparations for diarrhea so stay mostly inside GIT ie: Neosulfalyte® boluses |
Neomycin |
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Gentocin® ; Garasol ®IM or SQ Most common antibiotic Eye and ear treatments |
Gentamycin |
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Amiglyde-V® - mixed with sterile saline and infused into uterus of mares for intrauterine infections Effective against E.coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella |
Amikacin |
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usually end in “-cycline” BacteriostaticAgainst gram positive aerobes Also rickettsia, chlamydia, and mycoplasma |
Tetracyclines |
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Not absorbed well from GITThey tend to chelate with calcium. Do not give with dairy products, iron supplements, antacids and antidiarrheal products like kaopectate and pepto bismol.Better to give by injection Will bind to developing bones and teeth in fetus and neonates and cause brown discoloration |
Tetracycline/Oxytetracycline |
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Absorbed better from GIT Largely excreted by liver into intestine Gets reabsorbed from GIT because it is lipophilic and gets recirculated back to liver = enterohepatic circulation Kidney function has no effect on elimination |
Doxycycline/ Minocycline |
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“Sulfa” drugs Oldest class of antimicrobials (1935) Work by interfering with folic acid synthesis in the bacteria original sulfas are bacteriostatic and broad spectrum |
Sulfonamides and potentiated sulfonamides |
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Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis Bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on conc Narrow spectrum Metabolized in liver Clostridia overgrowth |
Lincosamides |
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eg. Antirobe® liquid and capsules used in dogsgood activity against anaerobes so indicated for dental disease, deep wounds and osteomyelitis |
Clindamycin |
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End in “cin” or “sin” work by inhibiting protein synthesis narrow spectrum – gram positive aerobes, obligate anaerobes, mycoplasma(does not have a cell wall) Used mostly to treat respiratory disease in livestock |
Macrolides |
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Used specifically for respiratory disease in cattle and sheep Concentrates in lung tissue Long-acting Can only be given SCIV can be fatal and IM very damaging to muscle Can be fatal to pigs, horses and man if injected– causes severe tachycardia and arrhythmias = cardiac arrest MICOTIL |
Tilmicosim |
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for bovine and swine respiratory disease for treatment and for prevention – inject on arrival for high risk cattle Effective for 14 days- used on arrival in feedlotsAlso approved to treat pinkeye and foot rot Does not have the same toxic factors as Micotil®. |
Tulathromycin |
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Tylan® and Tylocine® Used to treat respiratory disease and pinkeyeoral formulations – feed and water for cattle and swineinjectable – cattle and swine |
Tylosin |
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For respiratory disease in cattle Duration of effect for 10 days- used on arrival in feedlots |
Gamithromycin |
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Semi synthetic macrolide Respiratory disease in cattle Duration of effect – 28 days Reaches therapeutic levels in lung tissue in 45 minutes from time of SQ injection |
Tildipirosin |
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Also just called Quinoloneshave “floxacin” in name BactericidalBroad- spectrum – against a wide range of gram positive and gram negative Rapidly kill bacteria by disrupting DNA functionHighly effective against Pseudomonas Lipophilic Treats UTI's |
Flouroquinolones |
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Baytril® Small animaltablets, injectable and oticSkin infections, respiratory disease and UTI’s |
Enrofloxacin |
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Zeniquin®tablets for dogs and catsPyodermas, wounds, abscesses |
Marbfloxacin |
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Orbax®dogs and catsTablets and oral suspensionPyoderma, wounds, and abscesses |
Orbifloxacin |
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Veraflox®Oral suspension for cats, tablets for dogsIndicated for pyoderma and deep skin/wound infections |
Pradofloxin |
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A-180®injectable for bovine respiratory disease |
Danofloxacin |
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Bacteriostatic at low concentrations but bacteriocidal at higher concentrations Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes |
Chloramphenicol |
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Can also disrupt mitochondria function in bone marrow cells cells of mammals – can cause aplastic anemia in humans (decreasesWBC, decreasesRBC, decreasesplatelets)Reason why use is banned in food producing animals |
Aplastic Anemia |
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for dogs and cats Cats cannot be treated for more than 7 days Eye ointment for small animals |
Chlor-palm |
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Broad spectrumBacteriostatic Disrupts protein synthesisBovine respiratory disease Somewhat related to chloramphenicol but lacks chemical component that makes it toxic to human bone marrow |
Florfenicol |
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Used in horses and dogs and as wound ointment |
Nitrofurans |
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Equifur®oral liquid labeled for horses, dogs and catsused for coughs and UTI’s |
Nitrofurantoin |
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Bactericidal against anaerobes Used for intestinal tract infections and deep puncture wounds Anti- protozoal - effective against Giardia Used in dogs, cats, and horsesCan see some neurological side effects (head tilt, loss of balance, disorientation, etc.) with high doses or prolonged treatment |
Metronidazole |
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human drug lipophilic remains in the body for a long timegiven IV only for deep mycotic infections Very rapid onset of activity (hours as compared to days for imidazoles) |
Amphotericin |
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imidazole derivatives – synthetic damage fungal cell membrane takes 5-10 days to work very lipophilic Oral and topical formulations deep/systemic or superficial mycoses Fewer SE’s than amphotericin B- no nephrotoxicity but can cause GI upset-mostly vomiting |
The AZOLES |
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eg. Imaverol®- topical in horses and dogs |
Enilconazole |
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eg Surolan® topical for dogs and catshas polymyxin B too |
Miconazole |
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Very nephrotoxic so only used topically is antifungal and anti-yeast Used in combination with antibiotic/corticosteroid |
Nystatin |
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Used for ringworm – fungistatic Tablets or powder 6 weeks to see results |
Griseofulvin |
