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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anthropology |
The scientific study of humans, including their origins, behaviour, and physical, social, and cultural development |
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Define Psychology |
The scientific study of the human mind, mental states, and human behaviour. |
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Define Scoiology |
The scientific study of human social behaviour, including indiviuals, groups, and societies. |
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What are the 5 steps of the inquiry process? |
1) Identify the problem/question 2) Develop a hypothesis 3) Gather data 4) Analyze data 5) Draw conclusions |
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1) Identify the Problem/Question |
You must identify what the problem or question is and indicate your plan of action |
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2) Develop a hypothesis |
A hypothesis is a possible answer to your question. This step is important because it keeps your study focused |
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3) Gather Data |
You will need to select one research method that best supports your question/ hypothesis. |
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4) Analyze Data |
After gathering results form our selected research method, you need to organize and interpret it to make sense |
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5) Draw Conclusions |
At this point you will determine whether or not your hypothesis was proved. If not you may need to revise/ reject it. |
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Experiments |
- Designed to see how one factor is related to another. - One factor is changed and the effect of this change on the other hand is noted |
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Sample Surveys |
- Asks questions of a group of people who represent a larger group. - Surveys produce info about a large group of people without having to talk to all of them. - Two forms of sample surveys are interviews and questionnaires |
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Case Studies |
- A researcher will work closely with one person in order to understand and help that person. - They can reveal a great deal about a situation. |
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Unstructured Observation |
- Involves studying people without a predetermined idea of what to look for. - Could occur in a park or cafeteria where it is more difficult to control variables |
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Structured Observation |
- Involves planning beforehand what will be observed and keeping a list of things to look for. |
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Participant Observation |
- Used mainly by anthropologists; the researcher not only observes the group but participates in the group's activities. - Anthropologists may live with people in other countries to study their culture |
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Branches of Anthropology |
Physical Anthropology - Biological - Primatology - Forensic
Social/Cultural Anthropology - Archaeology - Linguistic |
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Physical Anthropolgy |
Strives to understand and define the physical and biological nature of human beings |
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Biological Anthropology |
- Disease - Illnesses - Environmental effects on social conditions |
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Primatology Anthropology |
- Looks at primaes from evolutionary past and the link to human evolution |
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Forensic Anthropology |
- Bones - DNA - Physical injuries and remains |
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Social/ Cultural Anthropology |
- Attempts to study human beings from different areas around the world and understand the transitions of people from around the globe |
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Archaeology Anthropology |
- Excavation of artifacts (weapons, clothing, cooking utensils, living areas) as part of ancient human civilizations |
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Linguistic Anthropology |
- Living and dead languages, arts, religion, customs, diests, dialects, etc. |
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Define what a hominid is |
A human or human ancestor. |
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Louis/ Mary Leaky |
- In Olduvai Gorge, Kenya 1959 they found an australopithecine skull. - Radiomentric dating was used for the first time and found the skull to be 1.75 million years old. - - Many other fossils and other hominids were also found |
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Donald Johanson |
- In Ethiopia during 1974 he found a 40% complete human skeleton - The skeleton was named Lucy after a Beatles song - The finding is part of a species australopithecus afarensis which is a human ancestor from 3.2 million years ago |
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Charles Darwin |
- In 1831 on Galapagos Island he established the concept of natural selection as evolution. - The theory of evolution stated species passed down characteristics to their offspring - He spent 4 years on the HMS Beagle where he observed wildlife and fossils he collected - He came to the conclusion that species were forced to evolve or would otherwise die and be extinct - This became known as "survival of the fittest". Darwin also suggested that humans first evolved in Africa (Pangea) |
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What characteristics do humans share with other species? |
- hunting - building - laughing/playing - sympathy - basic learning - fighting/ dominance - teaching - grooming - power struggles over leadership - grief - embrace/ affection |
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What characteristics separate human beings from all other species? |
- Bi pedal locomotion VS. Quadra pedal locomotion --> major changes in the architecture of feet/ hand, knees/ elbows, hips and skull position
- Eye height advantage of upright posture
- Opposing thumbs jutting out at a right angle with fingers. This allows for humans to do many things animals cannot
- More sophisticated brain, larger in proportion to body weight than any other creature
- Ability to think in abstract terms --> no physical form (i.e. concepts of justice, courage, etc...) The ability to think in terms of contingency: "if X, then Y"
- Ability to adapt to a wide range of situations and environments thanks to culture which is flexible. Cultural behaviour acts as a buffer between humans and nature
- Development of a wide range of cultures
- Development of culture to pass on knowledge and traditions
- Far greater awareness of past and future than an animal does
- Uses Tools. Very sophisticated --> we make and design tools for specific purposes
- Ability to speak many languages --> prime force of human socialization
- Longer period of dependence on parents than any other animal |
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Who is Jane Goodall and what did she discover in her research of Chimps? |
Jane Goodall is a primatologist who studied East Africa's chimpanzee population who discovered that humans share many characteristics such as making/using tools, hunting, teaching basic learning, laughing/playing, compassion, and fighting/ dominance over leadership |
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How does religion try to address evolution? |
- Accepted it as a strong hypothesis but not a correct or valid truth
- Religious faith and the teaching of evolution can coexist by those who are creationists agreeing to say humans evolved from species but God created the species humans have evolved from |
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What is culture? |
The total system of ideas, values, behaviours, and attitudes of a society commonly shared by most members of society |
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What did Margaret Mead say about the Nature-Nurture debate? |
She discovered that all culture share commonalities and nature is learned and nurture is based on primal instinct. |
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5 Characteristics of Culture according to Mead. |
- Culture is Learned - Culture is Shared - Culture Defines Nature - Culture shapes how we perceive and understand the world - Culture has patterns |
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Culture is Learned |
We learn our thoughts/behaviours/values throughout life. We inherit physical and biological characteristics such as the need to food, but we learn to do things with those inherited qualities. (E.g. learning to use the toilet) |
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Culture is Shared |
When a group or society thinks or acts in particular ways, those ways become part of the culture. (E.g. a bride wearing white on her wedding day) |
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Culture Defines Nature |
Culture can limit fulfill, expand and influence our biological needs and inherited tendencies. All people have innate need for the company and support of others, but how we relate to families and friends varies on our culture |
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Culture Shapes How We Perceive and Understand the |
Our perceptions of self and society are determined by the culture in which we live in. As we travel, and live through experience, our understanding of the world widens. |
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Culture Has Patterns |
Cultures are not random or spontaneous, they have core values and worldviews that are usually taken for granted by members of that culture. Often, we are not aware of the values we hold because they seem self-evident. |
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Explain the evolution of language and its several parts. |
- 93% of human language is non-verbal: Body Language (55%), Tone of Voice (38%) and Verbal (7%)
- As our ancestors evolved, their brain size increased and began to organize abstract thought as an exchange of information - Communication is an essential skill that our ancestors needed in rder to work together to hunt for food, warn others of potential danger, thus increasing their chances of survival. - Sign language is also another form of body language that compensates for a person's lack of hearing - The interpretations of gestures can vary from culture to culture which can essentially lead to a miscommunication - As cultures change and blend with other cultures, they can become extinct, therefore allow the languages to die |
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Identify the various elements/parts found within culture. |
- Religion - Government/ Politics - Food - Music - Language - Traditions/ Customs (Celebrations & Holidays) - Lifestyle - Economy/money - Fashion - Art - Environment & Geography - Recreation - Family - Homes/ housing - War - Medical - Social Class
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What is cultural Anthropology? |
Attempts to study human beings from different areas around the world and understand the transitions of people from around the globe |
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What are the theories of language? |
- Co-operation Theory - Ye-He-Ho Theory - Bow-Wow or Ding-Dong Theory |
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Co-operation Theory of Language |
- This theory suggests that communication was essential for society. Co-operation when hunting and performing other tasks was essential to the survival of early humans. Therefore, language developed because of a need of improved communication. |
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Ye-He-Ho Theory of Language |
- This theory suggests that languages grew out of cries or grunts of pain, surprise or sting effort. For example, the sounds one makes when you stub a tow or try to lift something heavy. (E.g. military marching chants, seven dwarfs working song, etc.) |
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Bow-Wow or Ding-Dong Theory of Language |
- This theory suggests that language began as an attempt to imitate an animal’s cries and other natural sounds such as thunder. (Examples: Moo, bark, hiss, meow, quack-quack) |
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Explain what archaeologists study. |
Archaeologists study past human cultures, including the remains of the artifacts, buildings and monuments the people made, the environments they lived in and the physical remains of the people themselves. |
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Explain why cultures adapt. |
- Survival of the fittest --> Members of a species that are unable to adapt or evolve with the environment around them will not be able to survive and continue, or produce offspring for future generations |
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What are the 6 Cultural Societies? |
- Hunter Gatherers - Horticultural Society - Pastoral Society - Agricultural Society - Industrial Society - Post-Industrial Society |
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Hunter-Gatherers (Foraging) |
- Depended on hunting and gathering for survival (men-hunt / women-gather) - They were nomadic, moving wherever the food went (cavemen/cavewomen) |
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Horticultural Society (Plants) |
- Cultivating plants and domesticating animals (Growing plants instead of chasing/gathering them). - This was the first social revolution. (E.g. cultivating plants using hand-held tools such as hoes/digging sticks) |
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Pastoral Society (Animals) |
They only relied on meats and dairy because they were unable to grow crops (Desert and Northern climates). - Examples: goats, sheep, camels, cattle |
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Agricultural Society |
- The plow was invented, improving efficiency since it didn’t take as many people or as much time to harvest food. - The growth of inequality came into effect along with the bartering system. (E.g. trading possessions) |
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Industrial Society |
- A society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels causing people to move from the country to the city to work in factories. - It was the foundation of modern society. (E.g. began in Britain 1765) |
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Post-Industrial Society (Present) |
- A society based on information services and high technology rather than on raw materials and manufacturing. - People who offer services either provide or apply information of one sort or another. - (E.g. ability to Google something instantly) |
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What is sub-culture? |
Subculture – A group of people with distinct behaviour and beliefs that differentiate them from a larger culture of which they are part of --> (E.g. students, artists, soldiers/police, cliques) |
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What is Counter-culture? |
A cultural group whose values and norms of behaviour are set in opposition to the dominant – mainstream society. It is political in nature and represents beliefs that defy the greater society.
(E.g. hate groups, hippies in the 1960s/70s, criminals, political activists, mobsters/organized crime, Amish, polygamy) |
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What is significant about the !KUNG tribe case study? |
- Tribe leader was disappointed the anthropologist was proud of his sacrificial Ox instead of showing humility
- Showed that the tribe has lived through surviving off of the Earth and appreciates the environment
- Taught to be grateful and humble for what you catch let it be big or small |
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What can we discover about early humans from the OTZI Ice Man mystery? |
Otzi was discovered in the Italian Alps (1991) after being buried in ice/snow for over 5,000 years. He was found with tools, weapons, a first aid kit, and clothing. What can be discovered is...
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Explain why cultures adapt |
MY REASON
UNIVERSITY TEXTBOOK REASON
- Change in external/social environment --> Example (external): If people move into an arid area, they will either have to give up farming or develop a system of irrigation. Example (social): North Americans thinking more seriously about sources of energy other than oil after oil supplies from the Middle East were reduced in 1973.
- Diffusion --> Elements are borrowed from another society and incorporated into the culture of the recipient
- Acculturation --> Changes that occur when different cultural groups come into intensive contact often when one society is more powerful than the other. (Less powerful borrows the most). On occasion the use of force or threat causes cultures to change.
- Revolution --> Loss of respect of established authority, threat to recent economic improvement, indecisiveness of government, and loss of support of the intellectual class
- Globalization --> Cultures have become more widespread across the world spreading cultural features through economics and international trade. |
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How does the film Cast Away sum up the human survival and civilization? |
- Demonstrates an individual’s perseverance to survive and adapt to the surroundings.
-The main character Chuck resorts to his primal instincts and basic knowledge to live.
- It is a representation of survival of the fittest where if you don’t adapt you will die.
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What is the difference between Subculture and Counter Culture? |
Subculture is a smaller, more specific, aspect of culture that sets apart a segment of society whereas counterculture is an opposition to norms of mainstream society
(Clique vs. Hate group) |
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Why are symbols an important identifier of culture?
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Symbols are very important components of a people’s culture. People become emotionally attached to symbols and are reluctant to change or modify them. |
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Why do people have varying views of humanity? (General thought question to help you for the communication question. This was the in-class article task reading of Hitler vs. Vanier) |
Many people share different values, morals, and beliefs given their different backgrounds. |
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1. Variation (Every species has a lot of variety within it) |
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Cast Away
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Demonstrates an individual's perseverance to survive and adapt to his surroundings when the plane goes done. Chuck resorts to his primal instinct and basic knowledge on how to survive. He performs several tasks to survive alone on the island and maintain a sense of normalcy. (designed shoes, used the raft as shelter, filtered water through leaves, makes a fire, builds a raft)
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