Anthropology Test 1

Front 1

Biological (physical) anthropology

Back 1

paleoanthropology and human variation

Front 2

Paleoanthropology

Back 2

Studies emergence of humans and evolution
-uses fossils
-geneological information

Front 3

Human variation

Back 3

Studies how any why contemporary human populations vary biologically or physically.
Uses principles, concepts,techniques of human genetics, pop biology, and epidemiology

Front 4

Cultural Anthropology

Back 4

Concerned with universals and variation in culture both past and present
3 Branches:
-Archaelogy
-Linguistcs
-Ethnology

Front 5

Culture

Back 5

ways of thinking and bhaving particular to a population or society including language, religion, food, music, work habits, gender roles, child rearing, housing, learn behaviors and ideas customary to the group.

Front 6

Archaeology

Back 6

Study of past cultures mostly through material remains.
Traces changes through culture and propose explanation for changes.
Mostly deals with prehistory (time before written records).
Asks where when and why

Front 7

Historical Archaeology

Back 7

Studies remains of recent people who left written reccords. Uses methods of archaeologists and historians

Front 8

Linguistics

Back 8

Study of languages (usually unwritten). Study changes that have taken place over time as well as contemporary variation. Both emergence and divergence of language.

Front 9

Descriptive/Structural lingustics

Back 9

Study of how contemporary languages differ in their construction. Studies how sounds and words are put together in speech

Front 10

Sociolinguistics

Back 10

Study of how language is used in social contexts. What ppl speak about, how they interact conversationally, attitudes towards speakers of other languages, and how ppl speak differently in different social contexts.

Front 11

Ethnology (Cultural Anthropology)

Back 11

Study how and why peoples today and in the recent past differ in their customary ways of thinking and acting. Deals with marriage, kinship, political and economic systems, religion, folk art, music and how these patterns differ in contemporary societies. Dynamics of culture: how cultures develop and change

Front 12

Ethnographer

Back 12

spends a year or so living with, talking to, and observing the people whose customs they are studying to come up with a detailed description (ethnography) of customary behavior and thought

Front 13

Ethnohistorian

Back 13

Study how a group of ppl have changed over time. Study written documents. Rely on reports of others.

Front 14

Cross-cultural researcher

Back 14

Ethnologist who is interested in discovering general patterns about cultural traits. What is universal and what is variable, why traits vary, what consequences of variability is.

Front 15

Relevence of Anthro Chapter 1

Back 15

only in late 1800s did ppl go to live with ppl in faraway places

Front 16

Society

Back 16

A group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language not generally understood by neighboring peoples. They may or may not correspond to countries or nations

Front 17

Characteristics of Culture (MUST HAVES)

Back 17

-Shared
-Learned
-Integrated
-Adaptive
-Always changing

Front 18

Subculture

Back 18

Commonly shared customs of a group within a society.

Front 19

Language

Back 19

A complex system of spoken symbolic communications. Words can represent what they stand for regardless of whether or not that thing is present.

1. open system
2. productivity (understand things never heard before
3.Symbols (animals use signs)
4.Displacement (something not here)
5.Prevarication (to lie)

Front 20

Ethnocentric

Back 20

Someone who judges other cultures solely in terms of his or her own culture.

Front 21

Cultural Relativism

Back 21

Attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities. Must be explicit

Front 22

Tylor

Back 22

Savages
Barbarians
Civilization
(father of cultural anthro.

Front 23

Morgan

Back 23

all cultures pass through stages.
no fam structure
group bros married to group sis
group marriages (no bro & sis)
loosely paired male female living with other
husband dominant fam (polygymy)
Monogamous fam
Primitive communism

Front 24

Franz Boaz

Back 24

recruited females. Date should be first step and dont make conclusions until there is enough date

Front 25

Margaret Mead

Back 25

Recruited women. COmbine Freudian psychology and anthro

Front 26

Sapir

Back 26

First linguist

Front 27

Ruth Benedict

Back 27

individual is microcosm of whole culture.

Front 28

Functionalism

Back 28

How cultural practices affect other cultural practices and maintain a cultural system.
Malinowski-functionalism assumes all cultural traits serve needs of individuals in society
Radcliffe Brown- Various aspects of social behavior maintain a society's social structure

Front 29

Manifest & latent

Back 29

obvious and not obvious

Front 30

Structuralism (claude Levi-Strauss)

Back 30

Focus on what rules of society are, based on linguistics. take implicit rules and make them explicit.

Front 31

Scientific Method

Back 31

Observation
Problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Theory
Law

Front 32

Diffusion

Back 32

borrowing a trait of one culture as a result of a contract between two

Front 33

Historical Particularism

Back 33

Stressed by Boas.
DATA

Front 34

Manifest & latent

Back 34

obvious and not obvious

Front 35

Structuralism

Back 35

Focus on what rules of society are, based on linguistics. take implicit rules and make them explicit.

Front 36

Scientific Method

Back 36

Observation
Problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Theory
Law

Front 37

Diffusion

Back 37

borrowing a trait of one culture as a result of a contract between two

Front 38

Historical Particularism

Back 38

Stressed by Boas.
DATA

Front 39

Primary institutions (kardiner)

Back 39

Customary ways of making a living, composition of family, and ways of child rearing.

Front 40

Secondary institutions (kardiner)

Back 40

Created to satisfy and reconcile the needs and conflicts that constitute the basic personality structure.

Front 41

Ethnoscience

Back 41

Attempts to derive rules from a logical analysis of date, such as words used to describe activities.

Front 42

Cultural ecology

Back 42

Relationships between cultures and their physical and social environment

Front 43

Political economy

Back 43

impact of external political and economic processes on local events and cultures in underdeveloped world.

Front 44

Behavioral Ecology

Back 44

application of biological evolutionary principles to the social behavior of animals

Front 45

Postmodernists

Back 45

all knowledge is subjective and actively shaped by political powers