Anthropology Test 1

Front 1

Origins

Back 1

geographic place
geologic time
taxonomy

Front 2

Taxonomy

Back 2

science of describing and classifying organisms

traits
classification

Front 3

Variation

Back 3

individual
population
INTERspecies
INTRAspecies

Front 4

INTERspecies

Back 4

differences BETWEEN species

Front 5

INTRAspecies

Back 5

differences WITHIN species

Front 6

Adaptation (types)

Back 6

Genetic
anatomic
physiology
culture adaptation

Front 7

Adaptation

Back 7

1. Process of successful interactions between population and environment
2. Product of the past, condition of the present
3. How an organism "makes a living "

Front 8

Anthropology

Back 8

cultural
linguistic
archaelolgy
biological
paleoanthropology
forensic
primatology

Front 9

Archaeology

Back 9

analyzing cultural remains (artifacts)

Front 10

Biological

Back 10

bio évolution, human and ancestors. Relationship between humans and other animals

Front 11

Paleoanthropolgy

Back 11

study of fossil records of primates, in order to understand our place in nature and relationships

Front 12

primatology

Back 12

study of primates

Front 13

Hypothesis

Back 13

formalized questions testable by data

Front 14

Scientific theory

Back 14

1. provides conceptual framework for research
2. based upon a coherent group of principles that explain a class of phenomena
3. must withstand the test of time and appearance of new evidence

Front 15

"evolution"

Back 15

2500 years old

Front 16

evol

Back 16

"unfold from"

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ARISTOTLE

Back 17

ancient greek anatomist, zoologist, philosopher,

Front 18

Scala Natura

Back 18

believed in natural hierarchy

Front 19

natural hierarchy

Back 19

some organisms more evolved than others

Front 20

ORTHOGENESIS

Back 20

evolution is directed to perfection
male is the highest form
rediscovered in the age of enlightenment (1600s)

Front 21

Great chain of being

Back 21

important/ influential MISCONCEPTION in science

Front 22

Columbus

Back 22

about 1492 AD, eurpoean global expansion, leads to the discovery of new organisms

Front 23

LINNAEUS

Back 23

swedish botansit
BINOMIAL CLASSIFICATION (modern classification system)

Front 24

BINOMIAL CLASSIFICATION

Back 24

Kingdom
class
order
suborder
infraorder
super family
family
genus
species
subspecies

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latin

Back 25

base language of science

Front 26

Genus

Back 26

first letter always cap- Homo

Front 27

Species

Back 27

Homo habilis

Front 28

binomial classification system imples

Back 28

evolutionary relationships

Front 29

scientists in 1700s thought

Back 29

1. spontaneous
2. fixed and immutable(don't change over time)

Front 30

young earth hypothesis

Back 30

6000 years old, biblical data

Front 31

geology

Back 31

became to get earth data
deep time

Front 32

Deep time

Back 32

geologic time
shows that east his much older than 6000 years

Front 33

Geological concepts, recognition of deep time

Back 33

1. law of super position
2. Biostratgraphy

Front 34

law of super position

Back 34

steno- found evidence earth was made from rock layers
youngest on top
olderst on bottom
Ariduino- earth holds 3 unique rock layers (law of super position)

Front 35

rock layers

Back 35

Quarterhary
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary

Front 36

HUTON

Back 36

earth is in constant change
erosion can expose lost worlds, fossils

Front 37

biostratigraphy

Back 37

first geological data method

Front 38

Charles Lyell

Back 38

founder of modern geology
"The principles of geology"

Front 39

"The principles of Geology"

Back 39

by Charles Lyell, published 1831-1833
one of the most important pubs in science history

Front 40

principles of geology

Back 40

uniformity of law(gravity)
uniformity of process(flooding)
uniformity of rate(erosion)
Uniformity of state
change is non directional; it has no goal or purpose

Front 41

Earth is how many years old

Back 41

5.4 to 8 billion years in age

Front 42

Predarwinian hypthesis

Back 42

catastrophism
- cuvier
Lamarchism
lamarck

Front 43

cuvier

Back 43

catastrophism
but still believed in;
spontaneous generation
immutability

Front 44

catastrophism

Back 44

1st popular hypothesis for extinction
1. extinctions do not occur
2. animal communities change over time
3. old and new animals connections ar NOT related

NOT EVOLUTIONARY

Front 45

Lamarchism

Back 45

50 from mom 50 from dad. theory of evolution by means of inheritance of acquired traits

EVOLUTIONARY

Front 46

CHarles darwon

Back 46

natural selection

Front 47

expedition on the BEAGEL

Back 47

1831-1836 England
south america
galapagos
tahiti
new eland
austrailia
africa

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extant

Back 48

opposite of extinct

Front 49

Robert Fitz Rpy

Back 49

guy that took darwin on tour of world durrrski

Front 50

Darwin collected extinct fossils such as

Back 50

giant sloths, huge armadillos, toxodon, marine species (inland!)

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Darwin witnesssed geologic events in South America

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Volcanic activity/eruption
earth quake
tsunami

Front 52

worked with

Back 52

finches, earthworks, pigeon breeding (artificial selection)

Front 53

Darwins brain trust

Back 53

Lyell
Wallace
TH Huxley
Malthus

Front 54

MALTHUS

Back 54

"essay on the principle of population"

survival of the fittest
economist
social status

Front 55

HUXLEY

Back 55

inspired science fiction
connection between apes and humans
anatomy, paleontology, professor

Front 56

WALACE

Back 56

also had the idea of natural selection
co presented with darwin to science organization

Front 57

"ORIGIN OF SPECIES"

Back 57

DArwin published in in 1859

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most preferred

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LAMARCKISM

Front 59

population variation

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provieds flexibility of response to changed condition. If variation is absent then the species has ferwe portions

Front 60

scienctists at the time supported BLENDING INHERITANCE

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Concept that 100 % of each parents heritable material is transferred to the offspring, blending together

Front 61

Blending inheritance would result in

Back 61

a loss of variation

Front 62

MENDEL

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"Principles of Heredity" 1866, with pea plants!!! first geneticist. 7 traits WERE identified, 2 phenotype variation

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phenotype

Back 63

physical variation

Front 64

dominant phenotype

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more common physical variation

Front 65

recessive phenotype

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less common physical variation

Front 66

Genes

Back 66

the basic unit of inheritance

Front 67

Allele

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alternative form of a gene; alleles are paired ( one from each parent)

Front 68

genotype

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the combo of alleles for a gene

Front 69

phenotype

Back 69

physical expression of the genotype

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A

Back 70

dominant

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a

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recessive

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HOMOZYGOUS

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both alleles are the same (AA or aa)

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HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT

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AA

Front 74

HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

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aa

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Dominant pheontype

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Genotypes AA and Aa

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Recessive phenotype

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Genotypes aa

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Mendelian Heredity

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Maintains variation opposite of blending heredity

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Law of independent assortment

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genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another. as long as on different chromosomes (mutually exclusive)

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answer to Darwins unsolved question

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genres are the source of the phenotypic variation upon which natural selection operates

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mendelian traits are simple traits

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under the control of one gene
either present or absent (hitchhiker thumb), but some Mendelian tratis have variable expressivity (example extra digit)

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Y chromosome

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differentiates a growing embryo into a make

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Hemophilia

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x linked recessive trait

Front 83

XAXA

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Homozygous dominant

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XAXa

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heteroxygous, carrier does not express the trait but CAN pass it to children

Front 85

XaXa

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Homoxygous recessive

Front 86

Males

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hemi- half, hemizygous

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XAy

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Hemizygous Dominant

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Xay

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hemizygous recessive (express harmful trait)

Front 89

Social darwinism

Back 89

was rooted in the belief that the "survival of the fittest" justified social inequality

Front 90

DARWIN supported the concept of blending inheritacne

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TRUESKII

Front 91

23 chromosomes

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HAPLOID CELL

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Somatic cell division

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MITOSIS

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46 chromosomes

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Diploid cell

Front 94

Directs protein synthesis

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DNA

Front 95

Gamete Cell Division

Back 95

Meiosis

Front 96

Morgan and Mueller

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Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation

Front 97

fruit flies

Back 97

used for mutation research

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Modern Synthesis Key founders

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Fisher, Haldane, Wright, Huxley, Mayr, simpson

Front 99

Mayr

Back 99

replaced typological with biological

Front 100

Simposn

Back 100

argued against orthogenesis

Front 101

joining natural selection with genetic heredity

Back 101

giving us modern evolutionary theory

Front 102

HARDY-WEINBERG

Back 102

equilibrium theorem concerns a biological impossibility, a population in which NO evolution occurs

Front 103

conditions needed for no evolution

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infinite population size
no emigration out of the population and no immigration in the population
no mutation
all mating is random
no differential reproduction( no natural selection

Front 104

Genetic drift

Back 104

occurs to emigration and or immigration

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mutation

Back 105

the source of entirely new genetic variation

Front 106

Forces of evolution

Back 106

genetic drift
gene flow
mutation
nonrandom (selective mating)
natural selection
genetic drift

Front 107

Genetic drift

Back 107

involves random changes in allele and or genotype frequencies from one generation to the next, with greater effect in SMALL population

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Genetic drift subsets

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founder effect
bottle- necking

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founder effect

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accumulation of random genetic changes in a very small population isolated from its original population

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bottle-necking

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dramatic loss of genetic diversity (usually due to natural disaster)individuals eliminated new group doesn't have same genetic distribute

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gene flow

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movement of genes between populations, expanding populations

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sexual selection

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subset of natural selection
results in selective mating

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sexual selection

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male competition
orrr female choice

Front 114

sexual dimorphism

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physicla differneces in adult males and females of the same species (excluding reproductive organs)