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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Four Fields of Anthropology and describe each
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Socio-cultural– study of human society & culture
Archaeological - interprets past human behavior and cultural patterns through material culture Bio - study of humans as bio orgs incl. their evolution and variation (primatology, paleoanthropology, and contemp human bio variation) Linguistic- devoted to study of communication in its social and cultural context across space and time |
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Describe the History of Anthropology
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Began w/Classical Greek philosophy with the expansion of empires and exposure to others. During englightenment bible was truth so no antho. Then scientific method - bio and social evolution, human societies: savages ->barb->civilized
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What are the Four Themes in Anthropology?
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Adaptation (environment and landscape shape humanity; how orgs cope w/environmental forces)
Culture (learning that is transferred from generation about shared beliefs and behaviors) Unity and Diversity (humanity is one species yet cultures differn enhancing adaptations to different environments) Humanity as dynamic (humanity has changed bio and culturally) |
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Paleoanthropology
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(bio anthro) the study of human evolution on the basis of the fossil record.
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Primatology
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(bio anthro) the study of non-human primates
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Applied Anthro
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(cultural)Academic/theoretical and applied.Application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess and solve contemporary social problems
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Forensic Anthro
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Branch of physical dealing with identification of skeletonized remains that could be human. no investigative powers
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Ethnocentrism
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tendency to view one's own culture as superior.
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Cultural Relativity
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the idea that behavior in one culture should not be judged by standards of another
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Ethics in Anthropology
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Archaeologists should include host country colleagues in research, establish collaborative relationships with host people and institutions, include host colleagues in dissemination of research results, and make sure something is given back. informed consent, storage of material, NAGRPA
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Culture
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society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values and perception which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior; and which are reflected in behavior
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Enculturation
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Refers to how culture is passed down through generations by learning. Socialization
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Patterns of Culture
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Universality, Generality, and Particularity
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Subcultures/microcultures
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include economic class, gender, age, institutions, race, and ethnicity.
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Local culture/Macroculture
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Local-distinct patterns of learned and shared behavior and ideas found in localized regions and among particular groups
Macro-learned and shared ways of behaving and thinking that cross local boundaries such as sense of national culture that some gov seeks to promote to enhance unity |
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Ways to View Culture
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Idealism (thinking)
Behaviorism (behaving) Holism (both) |
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The Other
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other ppl or other beings, major animating force of early anthropological thinking was an awareness of the other
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Sara Baartman
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Hottentot Venus
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Types of Data when Studying the Past
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Fossils, artifacts (made/modified/transported by humans), features (non-portable artifacts), sites, documents, genetic and molecular materials and the present
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Excavation
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Step 1 - mapping
step 2 - surface collection step 3 - excavation recovering materials: screening, flotation, charcoal samples |
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Stratigraphy
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the study and description of a vertical series of sediment or rock layers that have accumulated over time
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Law of Superposition
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in an undisturbed sequence of strata, older layer = bottom
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Preservation Bias
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some things preserve better than otehrs
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Relative/Absolute Dating
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Relative - establishes a time frame in relation to other layers or materials based on stratigraphy and law of superposition (Fl dating)
Absolute- dendrochronology, radiometric and C14 dating |
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Creationism
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ALl life forms created one time all is immutable
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Transformation/evolution
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species arose from other species through descent w/modification, all life forms are ultimately related and the number of life forms is not immutable
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Darwin
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uniformitarianism - past events best explained by observing events of present and generalizing backwards. evolution, natural selection
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Natural Selection
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survival of the fittest
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Genetics
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explains how variation in population happens and how certain features are passed onto offspring
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Mendel's Law of segregation
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alleles are discrete
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Mendel's Law of INdependent Assortment
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traits are inherited independently of each other to create variety
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PHenotype
Genotype |
Physical
Genetic makeup |
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Mechanisms for changes in gene frequencey
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Natural selection
Mutations Gene Flow Genetic Drift |
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Speciation
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emergence of new species requires physical isolation. macro evolutionary change in which new species produced by splitting of an existing species into two new or by transformation of existing into different descendent
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alternative explanations for humanity
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recombination and intelligent design
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homologies/analogies
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homo-similarities that orgs share b/c of common ancestry
ana-similarities b/w species result of adapting to similar environment |
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Common primate morphology and behaviors
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morphology-nonprojecting faces, forward facing eyes, stereoscopic vision, five digits, flexible hands and feet; opposable thumbs, larger brain in relation to body size
Behaviors: aboreal, quadrupedal, diurnal, sight as primary sense, sociality |
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Anthropoids
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primate suborder that includes monkeys, apes and humans. forward-facing eyes, larger brains and flatter faces.
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Hominoids
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primate subfamily of apes that includes humans, differ from monkeys since no tail, large brain, and brachiation. lesser and great apes
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Frugivores
Folivores Insectivores Gumnivores Omnivores |
fruit
leaves insects and invertebrates tree sap nonspecialist |
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primate social behavior
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sociality increases fitness, matrilocal. all chimps, some orangs, some capuchins used tools. macaque monkeys may have had culture
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multi-male/multi-female
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female core. fisison fusion- rare sub variety occurs when large group regularly breaks up into smaller subgroups for foraging and travel found in chimps and bonobos
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one-male/multi-female
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gorillas
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Matrilocality
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females stay with birth group
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primate communication
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includes call system, facial expressions, olfactory and tactile systems
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Call Systems v. Human Language
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call systems- limbic systems that are closed while human language invovles cerebral cortex and are open
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Nonhuman primate tool use and culture
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all chimps, some orangs, some capuchin monkeys. chimps have ability to make/use tools since 5-8mya. culture is learned and shared, macaque monkeys and potatoes
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General Trend in Hominid evolution
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upright posture, bipedalism, larger brain, smaller faces, smaller canines, larger molars
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Possible Early Hominins
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis- oldest possible hominin around 6-7 mya (combines chimp and human features first found in C.America, probable primitive hominin Miller)
Orrororin tugenensis- NKenya, 6mya, bipedal, chimplike teeth, Miller:possible prim hominin Ardipithecus kadabba and ramidus-kadabba-Ethiopia 5.7-5.2mya possible hominin. rabidus: ethiopia 4.5mya more umanlike teeth, probable hominin |
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Oldwan, Achuelian, Mousterian, microlithic
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O-food procession
A-hand axe M-flake tools m-blade sharpened by chipping formed of small stones |
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Origin Theories for AMH
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multiregional (modern humans evolved in different parts of the world from local archaic homo populations)
african replacement (AMH evolved in Africa around 200,000BP and began to spread 1-200,000bp and replaced local populations) Diffusion Wave- AMH originated in Africa around 200,000BP and in spreading interacted/interbred w/local pops |
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Lower,Middle,Upper Paleolithic
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lower- 2mya-300,000BP: Homo habilis and Homo erectus
middle- 300,000-30,000BP: H. neandertalensis upper- 30,000-12,000BP: H.sapiens |
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Cultural Features of Upper Paleolithic (LSA)
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30,000-12,000BP, microlith technology, varied environment and diet, modern foragers as analogy for late stone age culture?
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H. sapiens migrations
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left hurriedly around 100,000BP and coexisted w/and predated Neanderthals under diff eco zones. 40,000BP (SE Asia/Australia/SP), 185000BP in Java, 35000BP over water, 40,000BP Sahul. coexisted with Euro for 10,000yrs. CAsia/Siberia 42000BP, NE10,000 yrs later. adapt cold
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Holocene/mesolithic
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characterized by increasing importance and variety of microlithic stone and bone tools, a broad spectrum diet, and a semi-sedentary partially settled life. beg about 12,000 years ago. transition b/w paleo and neo there was a climate change and increase in pop density
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