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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Status
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A person's position, or standing, in society.
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Stratification
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Division of society according to rank, class, or caste.
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Achieved status
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A person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through action.
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Ascribed Status
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A person's standing in society based on qualities that the person has gained through birth.
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class
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A way of categorizing people on the basis of their economic position in society, usually measured in terms of income or wealth
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caste
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A ranked group, determine by birth, often linked to a particular occupation and to South Asian cultures.
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race
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A classification of people into groups on the basis of supposedly homogeneous biological traits.
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Ethnicity
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A shared sense of identity among a group based on a heritage, language, or culture
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Social Organization
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Structural basis of society
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Multiple Relationships
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Bind people together. Keeps groups from dispersing under stress.
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Marriage
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Seen as basic building block of structure in society. Universal practice.
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Kingroups/Descent groups
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Relatives not spouse or children
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Associated with Marraige cross culturally
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1- Regulate sexual access
2-Responsibility for Childcare 3- Division of Labor |
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Arranged marriage
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Practical reasons keep relationship together
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Love Marriage
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Ends more often in divorce
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Endogamy
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Marry Within group. (I.E. Religion, race/ethic group, social group, Social Economic Status, Age)
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Exogamy
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Incest taboo
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Serial Monogamy
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Marry, Divorce, Mary, Divorce.
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Polygyny
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One Husband, two wives.
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Polyandry
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One wife, 2+ husbands
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Conjugal family
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Couple, couple + Kids
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Consanguine
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Mom, mom's brother, children from father who is with his sister
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Nuclear
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Mom, dad, kids. More common in Hunter/Gatherer societies.
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Extended family
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Mom, dad, kids, grandparents, dad's brother and wife. More common in agricultural societies.
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Dowry
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Brides family gives money or goods to the grooms family.
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Bridewealth/ price
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Grooms family gives material or gifts to brides family.
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Bride service
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Groom performs work for a period of time for brides family.
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Social structure
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Structural basis. Relationships that bind people together.
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Kin
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Who relatives are defined as. Builds social structure.
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Descent group
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A group of people who see themselves as related through either a real person, or a mythical/legendary being.
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Unilineal Descent group (Patrilineal/Matrilineal)
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Only one side of the family is traced/ considered.
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Bilateral/ bilineal
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Trace descent on both sides.
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Lineage
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A group of people who see themselves as related to an identifiable character in history.
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Clans
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Descended from supernatural beings. Jobs are usually religious in nature. Created through the parting of lineages over time.
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Kindred
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Do not have same relatives. Trace family based on yourself.
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Kinship classification
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The name you call someone defines obligations to them and from them.
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Hawaiian system. (Simplest Kinship Classification)
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Everyone of same gender and generation have the same title (mom, dad, brother, sister)
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Eskimo Classification
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You, parents, aunt, uncle, brother, sister, etc.
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Iroquois Class
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Subdivide some groups. Mom's sister is mom, dad's sister is aunt. Dad's brother is dad, mom's brother is uncle.
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Cross Cousin
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Title given to the children of the sibling of the opposite sex of your parents.
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Parallel cousins
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Title given to the children of (uncle) dad or (aunt) mom.
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Political Organization
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The existence of groups for purposes of public decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external threats.
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band
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The political organization of foraging groups, with minimal leadership and flexible membership.
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tribe
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a political group that comprises several bands or lineage groups, each with similar language and lifestyle and occupying a distinct territory.
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big man system
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a form of poitical organization midway between tribe and chiefdom involving reliance on the leadership of key individual s who develop a political following through persona ties and redistributive feasts.
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Chiefdom
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a political unit of permanently allied tribes and villages under one recognized leader.
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State
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a centralized political unit encompassing many communities and possessing coercive power
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Nation
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a group of people who share a language, culture, territorial base, political organization, and history
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Age set
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group of people based on age.
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Age grades
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Group of people based on stages of life
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Common interest associations
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Groups you join voluntarily or mandatory
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critical legal anthropology
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an approach within the cross-cultural study of how law and judicial systems serve to maintain and expand dominant power interests rather than protecting marginal and less powerful people.
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norms
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a generally agreed-upon standard for how people should behave, usually unwritten and learned unconsciously.
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law
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a binding rule created through enactment or custom that defines right and reasonable behavior and is enforceable by thread of punishment.
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Legal pluralism
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a situation in which more than one way exists of defining acceptable and unacceptable behavior and ways to deal with the latter.
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genocide
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the destruction of a culture and its people through physical extermination
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Religion
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beliefs and actions related to supernatural being and forces
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world religion
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a term coined in the nineteenth century to refer to religions that had many followers, that crossed state borders, and that exhibited other features such as a concern with salvation.
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magic
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the attempt to compel supernatural forces and being to act in certain ways.
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animism
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The belief in souls or "Doubles"
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animatism
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a belief system in which the supernatural in conceived of as an impersonal power.
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myth
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a narrative with a plot that involves the supernaturals
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doctrine
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direct and formalized statements about religious beliefs
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shaman
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a male or female part-time religious specialist who gains his or her status through direct relationship with the supernaturals, often by being "called"
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priest
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male or female full-time religious specialist whose position is based mainly on abilities gained through formal training
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(religious) syncretism
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the blending of features of two or more cultures, especially used in discussion of religious change.
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religious pluralism
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when one or more religions co-exist as either complementary to each other or as competitive systems.
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revitalization movement
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a religious movement, usually organized by a prophetic leader, that seeks to construct a more satisfying situation by reviving all or parts of a religion that has been threatened by outside forces or by adopting new practices and beliefs.
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ritual
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a patterned form of behavior that has to do with the supernatural realm
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rite of inversion
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a ritual in which normal social roles and order are temporarily reversed
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Primordalist view
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Belief that different groups will fight against one another.
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Circumstantialist
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Belief that leaders manipulated people to meet their own ends.
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LeBlanc
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View that economic reasons cause conflict.
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Expressive culture
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Behavior and beliefs related to art, leisure, and play
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art
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the application of imagination, skill, and style to matter, movement, and sound that goes beyond what is purely practical
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ethnoaesthetics
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cultural definition of what art is.
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enthomusicology
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the cross-cultural study of music
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repatriation
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returning art or other objects from museums to the people with whom they originated
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Characteristics of art
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Creative
Aesthetic (specific to culture) Rules Binds groups/ separates others Interlocked across media |
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Chain Migration
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population movement in which a first way of migrants comes and then attracts relatives and friends to join them in the destination
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internal migration
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population movement within state boundaries
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transitional migration
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a form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new culture identity transcending a single geopolitical unit
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circular migration
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a regular pattern of population movement between two or more places, either within or between countries.
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refugee
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someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country
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internally displaced person
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someone who is forced to leave his or her home and community but who remains in the same country
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development induced displacement
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forced migration due to development projects, such as dam building
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push-pull theory
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an explanation of rural-to-urban migration that emphasizes people's incentives to move based on a lack of opportunity in rural areas (the "push") compared to urban areas (the "pull").
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remittance
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transfer of money or goods by a migrant to his or her family back home
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Diffusion
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A second culture takes on a practice of a first culture
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innovation
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Internal change
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acculturation
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Change when two cultures come in contact. One is more powerful. The other is significantly altered.
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culture loss
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Things fade out (8-track, tape, LPs)
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modernization
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How cultures change over time. Ethnocentric
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Globalization
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Worldwide spread of capitalization
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development
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directed change to achieve improved human welfare
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assimilation
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form of culture change in which a culture is thoroughly acculturated, or decultured, and is no longer distinguishable as having a separate identity.
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population bomb
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Growing change. Explosion of people.
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Environmental collapse
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Environment is being destroyed
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Terminal inequality
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Inequality gets worse.
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Killer culture
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Cultures are killing themselves
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