Anthropology Quiz/exam

Front 1

affinal kinship (affinity)

Back 1

"in laws" related by marriage.

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consanguinal kinship (consanguinity)

Back 2

"blood" relatives- people related by birth.

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nuclear family

Back 3

consists of a married couple together with their unmarried children.

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marriage

Back 4

socially approved union of two people, (second major principle of kinship)

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Murdock's approach defined what as a kin group?

Back 5

family, consisting of at least one married couple sharing the same residence with their children and performing sexual, reproductive, economic, and educational functions.

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exogamy

Back 6

("outmarriage") means that an individual is prohibited from marrying within her or his own family or other in group or, less often, village or settlement. (incest taboo applies)

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endogamy

Back 7

("inmarriage) means that an individual must marry someone in his or her own social group.

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monogamy

Back 8

in which every individual is allowed only one spouse.

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polygamy

Back 9

multiple spouses

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polygyny

Back 10

one man is allowed multiple wives

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polyandry

Back 11

one woman is allowed multiple husbands.

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marriage alliances

Back 12

the relationships created between families or kin groups by intermarriage.

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group marriage

Back 13

several women and men are allowed to be married simultaneously to one another.

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bridewealth

Back 14

custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to validate the marriage.

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brideservice

Back 15

custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife.

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dowry

Back 16

custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/or her husband's family upon her marriage.

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patrilineal decent

Back 17

descent in which individuals trace their mot important kinship relationships through their fathers.

Front 18

matrilineal decent

Back 18

descent in which individuals trace their primary kinship through their mothers.

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bilateral (kinship) descent

Back 19

kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships equally through both parents.

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matrifocality

Back 20

consists of a mother and her children, with male loosely or not present at all.

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extended family

Back 21

a group of related nuclear families

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cognatic descent

Back 22

descent in which relationships may be traced through both females and males.

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unilineal descent

Back 23

descent through "one line," including patrilineal and matrilineal decent. (all related through only one sex.)

Front 24

rites of passage

Back 24

a public ceremony or ritual recognizing and making a transition from one group or status to another.

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berdache/ two spirit

Back 25

Among certain Native American peoples, a person, usually a male, who assumes the gender identity and is granted the social status of the opposite sex.

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gender stratification

Back 26

degree to which males and females are unequal in dimensions such as status, power or influence, access to valued resources, eligibility for social positions, and ability to make decisions about their own lives.

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band

Back 27

small foraging group with flexible composition that migrates seasonally.

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tribes

Back 28

political unit encompassing a number of distinct, geographically dispersed communities that are held together by sodalities

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chiefdoms

Back 29

centralized political systems with authority vested in formal, usually hereditary, offices or titles.

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sodalities

Back 30

is a non-kin group organized for a specific purpose and frequently spanning villages or towns

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self-help legal system

Back 31

informal legal systems in societies without centralized political systems, in which authorities who settle disputes are defined by the circumstances of the case.

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inequality

Back 32

degree to which individuals, groups, and categories differ in their access to rewards.

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caste

Back 33

stratification system in which membership in a stratum is in theory hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact or relationships among members of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms, or prohibitions.

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class

Back 34

system of stratification in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed.

Front 35

egalitarian societies

Back 35

form of society in which there is little inequality in access to culturally valued rewards.

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rank societies

Back 36

society that has limited number of high-ranking social positions that grant authority; groups are ranked relative to one another, with the highest rank bringing the highest rewards in prestige, power, and sometimes wealth.

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stratified societies

Back 37

society with marked and largely or partly heritable differences in access to wealth, power, and prestige; inequality is based mainly on unequal access to productive and valued resources.

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generalized reciprocity

Back 38

giving of goods without expectation of return of equal value at any definite future time.

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balanced reciprocity

Back 39

the exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposes usually motivate the exchange.

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Negative reciprocity

Back 40

exchange motivated by the desire to obtain goods, in which the parties try to gain all the material goods they can.

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redistribution

Back 41

the collection of goods or money from a group, followed by a reallocation to the group by a central authority.

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market exchange

Back 42

transfer of goods and services based on price, supply, and demand.

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globalization

Back 43

process of integrating the world's peoples economically, socially, politically, and culturally into a single world system or community.

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ethnogenesis

Back 44

the creation of a new ethnic group

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ethnic segregation

Back 45

Racial segregation is the separation of different kinds of humans into racial groups in daily life

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transnationals

Back 46

members of an ethnic community living outside their country of origin.

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supernatural

Back 47

things beyond the natural. gods, spirits, ghosts.

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magic

Back 48

strategies people use to control supernatural power to achieve particular results.

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fetish

Back 49

An inanimate object worshiped for its supposed magical powers or because it is considered to be inhabited by a spiri

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taboo

Back 50

A custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.

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sorcery

Back 51

performance of rites and spells intended to cause supernatural harm to others (form of evil magic)

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witchcraft

Back 52

use of psychic power alone to cause harm to others.

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ritual

Back 53

(context of religion) the organized performance of behaviors intended to influence spiritual powers

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myth

Back 54

oral or written stories

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shamans

Back 55

person who is believed to have a special relationship to supernatural powers, which he frequently uses to cure sickness.

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priest

Back 56

a kind of religious specialist, often full-time, who officiates at rituals.

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religion

Back 57

cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence

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Nationality

Back 58

an ethnic group that claims a right to a discrete homeland and to political autonomy and self-determination.

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big men

Back 59

political leaders who do not occupy formal offices and whose leadership is based on influence, not authority.

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Sex

Back 60

determined by biological inheritance, X an Y chromosomes.

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kin group

Back 61

when people form an organized, cooperative group based on their kinship relations.

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Incest taboos

Back 62

rules against sexual intercourse between relatives

Front 63

fictive kinship

Back 63

individuals who are not actually biological relatives act toward one another as if they were kin.

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postmarital residence pattern

Back 64

where the majority of newly married couples establish their own residence

Front 65

kin terms

Back 65

the words (labels) that an individual uses to refer to his or her relatives of various kinds.

Front 66

Gender crossing

Back 66

custom by which a person of one sex is allowed to adopt the roles and behavior of the opposite sex, with little or no stigma or punishment.

Front 67

simple bands

Back 67

autonomous or independent political units, often consisting of little more than an extended family, with informal leadership vested in one of the older family members.

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composite bands

Back 68

autonomous political units consisting of several extended families that lie together for most or all of the year.

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state

Back 69

centralized, multilevel political unit characterized by the presence of a bureaucracy that acts on behalf of the ruling elite.

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influence

Back 70

ability to convince people they should act as you suggest.

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authority

Back 71

recognized right of an individual to command another to act in a particular way, legitimate power.

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sodalities

Back 72

formal institutions that cut across communities and serve to unite geographically scattered groups.

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social control

Back 73

mechanisms by which behavior is constrained and directed into acceptable channels, thus maintaining conformity.

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law

Back 74

a kind of social control characterized by the presence of authority, intention of universal application, obligation, and sanction.

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feud

Back 75

method of dispute settlement in self-help legal systems involving multiple but balanced killings between members of two or more kin groups.

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global economy

Back 76

buying and selling of goods and services in an integrated global market.

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transnational corporation

Back 77

a company that produces and sells most of its products or services outside its "home" country.

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ethnic group

Back 78

named social group based on perceptions of shared ancestry, cultural traditions, and common history that culturally distinguish that group from other groups.

Front 79

ethnic boundary markers

Back 79

any overt characteristics that can be used to indicate ethnic group membership.

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subnationality

Back 80

dependent subgroup within a larger nationality that lacks concept of separate homeland and makes no claim to any inherent right to political autonomy and self-determination.